BIOL 3410 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Protein Isoform, Extracellular Fluid, Agonist

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Chapter 16: cell signaling pt. 1: g protein-coupled receptors. Figure 15-1 a simple intracellular signaling pathway activated by an extracellular signal molecule. The signal molecule usually binds to a receptor protein that is embedded in the plasma membrane of the target cell. The receptor activates one or more intracellular signaling pathways, involving a series of signaling proteins. Finally, one or more of the intracellular signaling proteins alters the activity of effector proteins and thereby the behavior of the cell. Some small signal molecules, by contrast, diffuse across the plasma membrane and bind to receptors inside the target cell either in the cytosol or in the nucleus (as shown here). Many of these small signal molecules are hydrophobic and nearly insoluble in aqueous solutions; they are therefore transported in the bloodstream and other extracellular fluids after binding to carrier proteins, from which they dissociate before entering the target cell.

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