GOVT 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Jill Lepore, Federalist No. 78, Federalist No. 10

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Numerical underrepresentation of the working class in congress nicolas carnes. Working-class citizens are underrepresented in policy making. Substantive representation whether a groups interests get represented. Descriptive representation whether a groups demographic characteristics are represented by legislators. Congress members who previously had profit oriented professions are more conservative (majority of congress: thus, congress is skewed with more conservative economic policies. Congress members who previously had more blue-collared jobs are more liberal. The representative inequalities due to imbalances in political participation. The tocqueville thinkers have unique tradition of american thinking: americans are born free, liberal, individualism, democracy. There is a growing divide between political parties in congress (liberals getting more liberal) Polarization refers to cases in which an individual"s stance on a given issue, policy, or person is more likely to be strictly defined by their identification with a particular political party.

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