BIOL 2051 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Major Histocompatibility Complex, Polio Vaccine, Humoral Immunity

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10 Feb 2017

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Immunity- ability of an organism to resist infection. All cells involved in immunity originate from common stem cells in bone marrow. Antigen/immunogen- foreign cells or macromolecules that induce immune system. Immune system- protects against foreign cells and macromolecules. Can be classified as active or passive. Host produces antibodies and t cells in response to an infection. Product of you getting sick and your immune system fighting off that pathogen (chicken pox) Occurs when antibodies are passed from one host to another. Ex: antibodies pass through placenta from mother to fetus: these circulate in infants systems for several months after birth. Can be classified as active or passive immunity. Host makes antibodies that can last for years. To reduce risks, vaccines contain inactivated pathogens or their products. Toxoid- chemically modified exotoxin retains antigenicity but loses toxicity: tetanus, diphtheria. Killed bacteria cell- formaldehyde, heat: cholera. Inactivated virus- formaldehyde: salk polio vaccine, influenza.

Related Questions

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a tool that has been very useful in identifying what parts of the brain do what. Scientists can have a person perform some particular activity and then look for active areas in the brain. How does fMRI work?

	A.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to electricity levels. The more electrical current in the area, the more active it is.
	B.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to blood flow. More blood flow indicates more activity in that area.
	C.	It takes images of thin layers of the brain and the more electrical activity in a layer, the more magnetic it is and this shows up in fMRI.
	D.	Electrodes attached to the skull can trigger activity in particular brain areas which then trigger a person to perform certain behaviors.
	E.	It takes a picture of the brain according to oxygen levels. More oxygen in an area indicates more activity in that area.

The strategy of vaccination to fight diseases uses what type of immunity?

	A.	Non-specific immunity
	B.	Cell-mediated immunity
	C.	Natural immunity
	D.	Specific immunity
	E.	Passive immunity

If you came into contact with Vibrio, what defense do you have to keep it from even getting to your intestines?

	A.	Your skin is an effective barrier against bacteria you come in contact with.
	B.	Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva
	C.	Acid in the stomach
	D.	Mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tract
	E.	All of the above

What do B cells do when they identify a pathogen?

	A.	Engulf and eat it
	B.	Kill it
	C.	Produce antigens to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	D.	Produce antibodies to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	E.	Engage helper T cells to fight the infection

There are chemical signals that call on non-infected cells to help fight a virus. Which are they?

	A.	Complement proteins
	B.	Macrophages
	C.	B cells
	D.	Interferons
	E.	Natural killer cells

When someone gets a bone marrow transplant, they have to be quarantined and carefully protected from pathogens for a period of time afterward. Why?

	A.	Bone marrow produces the main cells involved in the specific immune response, so these patients are at special risk of infection until they build up enough marrow to produce sufficient cells.
	B.	Bone marrow produces blood cells, so they have insufficient circulation for a period of time so their immune system lacks the energy to fight off any infection.
	C.	Anytime a foreign substance, even someone else's bone marrow, is introduced to a body, there is an extra risk of infection.
	D.	A common complication of bone marrow transplants is infection, and doctor's don't want the infection to spread to others.
	E.	It's a traumatic procedure, and any extra stress on their body could kill them.

BIOL 2051 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Major Histocompatibility Complex, Polio Vaccine, Humoral Immunity

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