BIOL 2160 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Hpv Vaccines, Ovarian Cancer, Cervical Cancer

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6 Mar 2017

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2nd leading cause of death in u. s. (kills > 500,000 people / year). Causes ~20% of deaths in u. s. each year. Due to failure of cellular mechanisms that normally control cell division. This is a result of genetic damage, that is often due to tumor-promoting chemicals, hormones, and sometimes viruses: genetic damage: Can result from a mutation in 1 of 3 types of genes: proto-oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and caretaker genes. Proto-oncogenes: normally promote cell division, but are changed into oncogenes by mutations that make the gene excessively active. Mutations cause inactivation of these genes, allowing excessive cell division to occur. When caretaker genes are inactivated, mutations in the genome accumulate. Genes in these 3 classes encode proteins that help regulate cell birth, cell death (apoptosis), and dna damage repair: carcinogens. Environmental substances that induce cancer-causing mutations in cells. Countless other chemicals : viruses that cause cancer. Hpv-human papilloma virus- causes warts on the skin, mouth, genitals, and larynx.

Related Questions

B__1) Driver mutations provide a growth advantage to a tumor cell. Which type of mutation is known to accumulate in cancer cells but has no direct contribution to the cancer phenotype?

A) alteration mutations B) passenger mutations C) carrier mutations

D) indirect mutations E) insignificant mutations

_A__2) Which of the following general mechanisms appear to be involved in the formation of cancer cells?

A) genomic instability, DNA repair failure, chromatin modifications

B) inversions, operon formation, methylation

C) RNA failure, DNA phosphorylation, phosphorylation of adenyl cyclase

D) transdetermination, mutation, allosteric interactions

E) suppression, tabulation, projection

_A__3) What is the name of the protein that combines with cyclins to exert local control of the cell cycle?

A) cyclin-dependent kinase B) phosphatase C) ATPase D) integrase E) hexokinase

_D__4) A protein functions as a cell-cycle regulator that causes cell death (apoptosis) to a damaged cell. What is the symbol given to this protein?

A) p34 B) p102 C) cyclin D) p53 E) phosphokinase

_A__5) The retinoblastoma protein (pRB), like p53, serves as a(n) ________ in regulating the cell cycle.

A) tumor suppressor B) tumor enhancer C) up regulator D) oncogene E) pseudooncogene

_C__6) Mutant versions of genes that are normally involved in promoting the cell cycle are known as ________.

A) tumor suppressors B) proto-oncogenes C) oncogenes D) malignant genes E) attenuators

_B__7) In sporadic cases of retinoblastoma, how many gene mutations are thought to be necessary in the same cell for a tumor to develop?

A) one B) two C) four D) six

__D_8) What is the name of the protein that appears to regulate the entry of cells into an S phase? This protein is also known as the "guardian of the genome."

A) p34 B) p102 C) cyclin D) p53 E) phosphokinase

You are interested in studying the origins of cancer and join a research lab to do so. You find that many cancer cell lines have mutations in the gene DRG1. You further investigate the mutations to DRG1 and find that some of the cell lines have mutations that affect expression of DRG1, so that no DRG1 mRNA is made in these cells, while other cell lines have mutations that lead the cells to produce a non-functional DRG1 protein.

a) Is DRG1 a proto-oncogene or a tumor suppressor? Explain your reasoning.

b) Your labmates propose several hypotheses about the possible role for DRG1 in normal cells. For each hypothesis, state whether or not you think it makes sense and explain your reasoning. a. DRG1 normally acts to repair DNA damage. b. DRG1 is a receptor for a mitogen (a signaling molecule that promotes cell division)

c. DRG1 is a receptor for a signaling molecule that causes apoptosis (programmed cell death).

QuestionGroup: #21 Gene expression 2

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The direct end result of gene expression is which of the following?

Amino acids

Translation

Proteins

Carbohydrates

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QuestionGroup: #22 Mutation

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Which of the following is the ways in which nucleotide mutations lead to altered proteins?

One nucleotide is substituted by another nucleotide, which can cause an early stop codon to be incorporated into the amino acid sequence resulting in a truncated protein.

One nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide, which can change an amino acid in the protein sequence

Nucleotides are inserted into a nucleotide sequence causing a frameshift in the sequence.

All three choices may cause mutations.

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QuestionGroup: #23 Mutation 2

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Mutations are the result of which of the following?

Change in the normal nucleotide sequence in the DNA directly resulting in different carbohydrates

Change in the normal nucleotide sequence in the DNA directly resulting in different proteins

Change in the order of transfer RNA to messenger RNA so that the transfer RNA take over the role of Messenger RNA

Primarily an alteration in the sequence of nucleotides in the abnormal proteins

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QuestionGroup: #24 Cell division

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There are two major kinds of cell division. Which of the following plays a major role in promoting genetic diversity?

Meiosis since it causes the cells to make more daughter cells than mitosis

Mitosis since it causes the cells to duplicate and eventually have mutations

Meiosis since it causes the DNA sequences to be separated into new patterns in the daughter cells.

Mitosis since it essential for the ovaries in humans to separate and duplicate

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QuestionGroup: #25 Cancer

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Genes that slow down or stop the cell cycle are called...

Apoptotic genes

Oncogenes

Restriction genes

Tumor suppressor genes

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QuestionGroup: #26 Cancer2

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The common theme in the development of all cancers is...

Mutation

Evolution

Infection

Syncopation

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QuestionGroup: #27 Genetics

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Punnett's square is which of the following?

Example of all possible combinations of alleles

Example of all possible combinations of chromosomes

Example of only certain combination of alleles since some will not be expressed.

Example of all possible combinations of DNA

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QuestionGroup: #28 Embryo development

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Which of the following is the end of the cleavage phase?

A fetus

Formation of a blastocyst

Implantation to the lining of the uterus

Fewer number of cells

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QuestionGroup: #29 Development of organ system

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For organs to be differentiated, which of the following is the first step?

Stem cells trigger the development of differentiated cells

Tissues assemble into organ systems such as blood

Tissue specific genes in stem cells are triggered

Differentiated cells form tissues

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QuestionGroup: #30 Development and society

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A pregnant mother ingests a chemical which her mother said would be great for the baby. When the baby was born, it had a large head and flippers for arms. What caused this phenotype?

The chemicals were teratogens which influenced oxidative phosphorylation causing the changes in the phenotype.

The chemicals influenced the expression of different stem cells.

There is no way to assume the chemicals caused the phenotype since we have no data on other mothers who took this medicine. It could have been purely by chance.

The chemicals were teratogens which caused the baby to show early signs of evolution.

BIOL 2160 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Hpv Vaccines, Ovarian Cancer, Cervical Cancer

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