BIO 116 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: C4 Carbon Fixation, Vascular Bundle, Messenger Rna

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23 Jun 2018

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BIO EXAM REVIEW

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

C3- typical plants , C4- bundle sheath cells(spatial separation of photosynthesis

because to avoid photorespiration( fixing O2 instead of carbon) RUBISCO fixes carbon.

C stands for carboxylase, O is for oxygenase. C4 plants live in hot dry climate. Corn,

pineapple. , CAM- temporal

DNA REPLICATION

Conservative: meselson and stahl: N isotopes --- 15N(heavy) and 14N(light). Took

bacteria growing in medium. Lots of nitrogen in dna, rna, and protein. Then moved cells

to another medium that had N14. it says DNA is replicated first with heavy dna, then

after one replicate, old heavy dna comes back and new light dna sticks together. Then

another replication-- 1 is all old, 2 is all new, 3 and 4 is all new/light

Semiconservative: half and half, one new one old for each copy, then after replication

1 is half and half 2 is all new, 3 is half and half 4 is all new

Dispersive: mismatch everything

TRANSCRIPTION

Enhancers: all cells have same genome, all cell tissue have different functions and

structures. Act like this is what genes get switched on and off. Switches are regulators:

promoters and enhancers, to get transcription to happen:factors (proteins) interact with

promoter.

Benefit of introns: increase proteome without increase genome. More mixtures of

polypeptides in genes, alternative splicing helps this. Spliceosome removes introns so

we end up with only exons.

Bacteria don’t have introns, some archaea have introns, but very true

In 116 if it has introns its eukaryote

Poly a tail and cap added after transcription by regulatory mechanism- enzyme that

adds A’s to end of message.

Operon- way bacterial genomes are organized. Prok. are smaller. Less genes.

TRANSLATION

Small subunit associates with messenger rna, then to tRNA to pair, then the large

subunit. Nucleic acid language to amino acid language. tRNA are the parts that are

talking to each other. Have to transfer amino acids. Then translocation. Whole moves

over. Can be reused. Translation stops with a stop codon. (UGA)

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Document Summary

C3- typical plants , c4- bundle sheath cells(spatial separation of photosynthesis because to avoid photorespiration( fixing o2 instead of carbon) rubisco fixes carbon. C stands for carboxylase, o is for oxygenase. Conservative: meselson and stahl: n isotopes --- 15n(heavy) and 14n(light). Lots of nitrogen in dna, rna, and protein. Then moved cells to another medium that had n14. it says dna is replicated first with heavy dna, then after one replicate, old heavy dna comes back and new light dna sticks together. Then another replication-- 1 is all old, 2 is all new, 3 and 4 is all new/light. Semiconservative: half and half, one new one old for each copy, then after replication. 1 is half and half 2 is all new, 3 is half and half 4 is all new. Enhancers: all cells have same genome, all cell tissue have different functions and structures. Act like this is what genes get switched on and off.

Related Questions

You decide to identify the CFTR mutation by analyzing the genomic DNA of your patients compared to healthy individuals. You specifically are looking to see whether a specific 3' gene truncation has occurred in the patients. You will determine this using hybridization techniques with samples from healthy and CF patients. Which of the following will allow you to accomplish this?

	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.

To conduct the hybridization experiment, you are trying to decide between using a DNA or RNA probe. Which would be ideal to use and why?

	As both are composed of nucleic acids, using either would result in identical results.
	An RNA probe because RNA has uracil bases.
	An RNA probe because it could also be used in a translation experiment.
	A DNA probe because it is more stable than RNA.
	A DNA probe because RNA cannot bind to DNA.

Imagine Hershey/Chase had used an RNA virus (genome composed of RNA) instead of a DNA virus in their experiment. Would radioactivity still have been found in the pellet?

	No, because only DNA can be labeled with radioactivity.
	No, because the RNA genome would not enter the bacteria upon infection.
	No, because while DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar, they are not identical.
	Yes, because DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar.
	Yes, because genome in any form (DNA, RNA, protein) would be labeled similarly.

The human genome consists mostly of non-coding DNA. Which of the following are benefits of this?

	Random DNA mutations generally won't affect RNA and protein function.
	It is faster to duplicate the genome when these are present.
	The existence of introns can lead to multiple variations of proteins encoded by a single gene.
	It is unlikely transposons would exist in the genome if there was too much protein coding DNA.

You accidentally add a mutant dNTP (which has an H instead of an OH connected to the 3â carbon) to a reaction where DNA is being replicated. Which of the following is true of this mutant dNTP?

	It can be incorporated into DNA strand but cannot form a phosphodiester bond with an incoming wild type dNTP
	It can be incorporated into a DNA strand but cannot base pair with a complementary nucleotide
	It can be incorporated into a DNA strand and can form a phosphodiester bond with an incoming dNTP, but only if it is another mutant dNTP
	It cannot be incorporated into a DNA strand.

Andrew Murray's sister, Andrea, is adding to her brother's work on chromosomes. She is using cells that are unable to synthesize adenine (âade) and histidine (âhis). The plasmid she is currently working with consists of an origin of replication and the Ade gene.

Following her transformation of the plasmid into her yeast, what media will the cells be plated on to select for cells that have picked up the plasmid?

	Media containing histidine
	Media containing adenine
	Media lacking adenine
	Media lacking histidine

She starts by attempting to add the centromere DNA into a plasmid containing the origin of replication. Unfortunately, when adding the centromere sequence, the origin of replication is removed, thus leaving a plasmid with only a centromere and selection marker. Following plasmid transformation, what growth result will she see on her plates?

	No colonies
	Little colonies
	Big colonies

She fixes the mistakes from the previous experiment and now has a complete plasmid (selection marker, origin of replication, centromere). She then inserts telomere sequences into the plasmid. How will this impact her transformation?

	It will not impact her transformation
	Her transformation will no longer work because plasmids donât require telomeres
	She will now see much larger colonies
	She will now see fewer but larger colonies
	She will now see smaller colonies

In the Meselson/Stahl experiment, E. coli were first grown in media containing heavy nitrogen, 15N, and then transferred to light nitrogen, 14N, at the beginning of the experiment.

Imagine that their data showed that replication occurs in a conservative manner instead of semi-conservative. What fraction of the DNA helices will consist of mixed DNA after 4 rounds of replication in this case?

	None
	More than 75%
	25-50%
	51-75%
	Less than 25%

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BIO 116 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: C4 Carbon Fixation, Vascular Bundle, Messenger Rna

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