KNH 404 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Mechanical Energy, Mass Transfer, Hertz

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Behavior of water molecules strongly influenced by their polarity (dipole) Easy to form hydrogen bonds between molecules: remain in a liquid state throughout a wide range of temperature (32-212f) Heat of fusion: heat (80 calories/g) released from liquid water at. Bonding in ice leaves hexagonal openings forming an expanded lattice. Expansion (9%) ice floats on h2o. In heated water, hydrogen bonds break and form again, molecules move rapidly. When moving rapidly enough, they lose their attraction to other molecules and escape into the air as vapor or steam. Heat of vaporization: liquid (water) requires 540 calories per gram of h2o to become steam. High soluble substances: lower freezing point, but increase boiling point: ex. Lower atmospheric pressure = lower boiling point: long boiling time at high altitude, low pressure cooking = lower color change, higher flavor conservation, pressure cooker = increased boiling point, decreased cooking time. Type ii: hydrogen bonded in microcapillaries and shows behaviors very different from free water.

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