PSY 111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Takers, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
21 Jun 2018
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Chapter 10 Intelligence
●Intelligence: the ability to use one's mind to solve novel problems and learn from
experience
●What is Intelligence?- HISTORICAL path
A. Charles SPEARMAN (1904): TWO FACTOR THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
a. Spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a
GENERAL ABILITY (g-factor) and skills that are SPECIFIC TO THE
TASK (s-factor)
b. If intelligence is a SINGLE, GENERAL ABILITY, Then there should be a
very strong positive CORRELATION between people’s performances on
many different kinds of tests
c. Positive but NOT strong correlations exist among many cognitive tasks
(ex. Discriminating small differences in color, pitch, weight)
B. Louis THURSTONE (1938) Correlations between performances on different
tests were all positive, they were stronger when the tests had something in
common
a. Argued that there is “no such thing as general ability”
b. Instead there are few (7) stable and independent PRIMARY MENTAL
ABILITIES: verbal, numerical, perceptual
c. Neither general like g, nor specific like s
C. Howard GARDNER (1943) observed many types of people and argued for 8
forms of intelligence (education)
a. Musical-rhythmic and harmonic
b. Visual- spatial
c. Verbal-linguistic
d. Logical-mathematical
e. Bodily-kinesthetic
f. Interpersonal
g. Intrapersonal
h. Naturalistic
D. John CARROLL (1993) analyzed nearly 500 studies conducted over half a
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century and found 8 independent middle-level abilities
a. Memory and learning
b. Visual perception
c. Auditory perception
d. Auditory perception
e. Retrieval ability
f. Cognitive speediness
g. Processing speed
h. CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
i. FLUID INTELLIGENCE
E. Robert STERNBERG (1999) argued for three kinds of intelligence
a. ANALYTIC intelligence (problem solving)
a.i. Measured with IQ tests
b. CREATIVE intelligence (coming up with novel solutions)
c. PRACTICAL intelligence (street smarts intelligence)
F. THREE LEVEL HIERARCHY (1980)
a. BOTH Spearman, Thurstone and Gardner were correct; correlations
between scores on different mental ability tests are best described in a
three-level hierarchy using confirmatory factor analysis
The Middle Level Abilities- 2 Ways
●MIDDLE LEVEL ABILITIES lie between specific and general mental ability in
regards to intelligence
A. The DATA-BASED Approach: seeks to find clusters (factors) in intelligence
TEST PERFORMANCE
B. The THEORY-BASED Approach broadly SURVEYS HUMAN ABILITIES and
then determines which one's intelligence tests measure or fail to measure
●CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE: ability to APPLY knowledge that was
acquired through EXPERIENCE
○Improves somewhat with age, as experiences tend to expand one's
knowledge
○Measured with tests of vocabulary and factual information
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●FLUID INTELLIGENCE: Ability to SOLVE AND REASON about NOVEL
PROBLEMS and relationships and draw logical inferences
○Involved in math and scientific reasoning
○Measures with tests that present people with abstract problems in new
domains that must be solved under time pressure
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES - Data-Based approach
●Different cultures VALUE different abilities
○Ex. Westerners regard people as intelligent when they speak quickly and
often
○Africans tend to think of intelligent people as deliberate and quiet
○In Zimbabwe, the word for “intelligence” means to be wise and cautious
in social relationships
●The data-based approach is blind to middle-level abilities that are valued in
cultures where intelligence tests are not common
A Newer Theory-Based Approach Intelligence
●EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
○RECOGNIZE, UNDERSTAND and MANAGE emotions in SELF and
OTHERS
○What kinds of emotions a particular event will trigger
○Know how to use their emotions to improve their decisions
○Can identify other people’s emotions from facial expressions and tones of
voice
●Emotionally intelligent people
○Have better social skills
○Have more friends
○Are happier
○Are more satisfied with their lives
○Accumulating evidence suggests that emotional intelligence is indeed one
of the middle-level abilities that the data-based approach missed
The Real World: Look Smart
●INTELLIGENCE matters in job interviews
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Document Summary
Intelligence: the ability to use one"s mind to solve novel problems and learn from experience. What is intelligence?- historical path: charles spearman (1904): two factor theory of intelligence, spearman"s theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a. General ability (g-factor) and skills that are specific to the. If intelligence is a single, general ability, then there should be a very strong positive correlation between people"s performances on many different kinds of tests: positive but not strong correlations exist among many cognitive tasks (ex. Instead there are few (7) stable and independent primary mental. Abilities: verbal, numerical, perceptual: neither general like g, nor specific like s, howard gardner (1943) observed many types of people and argued for 8 forms of intelligence (education, musical-rhythmic and harmonic, visual- spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic f. Middle level abilities lie between specific and general mental ability in regards to intelligence: the data-based approach: seeks to find clusters (factors) in intelligence.
