ANT 351 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Paleo-Indians, Flagstaff, Arizona, Clyde Kluckhohn
The Discipline: History and Methods of SW Archaeology
Early Government Explorations
Military Expeditions
-The earliest official American explorations of the region that began in the first half of the
19th century
-Most significant expedition were organized around the Mexican-American war
othe excursion by James H. Simpson to Chaco Canyon in 1849
othe explorations by U.S. Army Brevet Captain Lorenzo Sitgreaves, who traveled
from Zuni Pueblo to Yuma, Arizona in 1851 seeking to find navigable streams in
this part of the Southwest and
othe mapping and topographic studies by Amiel W. Whipple, who traveled from
Ft. Smith, Arkansas to Los Angeles in 1853-54, seeking an overland passage
across the west
The Smithsonian Institution and the Bureau of American Ethnology
-Latter 19th century, began the serious and systematic studies of the Southwest
-Expeditions were sponsored by the Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) and
the Smithsonian Institution.
oSmithsonian founded in 1846
oBAE founded 1879
-Both institutions used a Direct-historical approach
oMeans they attempted to work back in time, relating Native peoples who lived in
the region to ancient ruins
-Figures from BAE 1879-1902
oJohn Wesley Powell (Director, a true Renaissance man who worked in geology,
archaeology, ethnology, and linguistics)
oJesse Walter Fewkes (trained as a zoologist, he conducted studies among the
Hopi, relating most ruins that he saw to Hopi oral traditions)
oJames Stevenson (an assistant to Powell) and his wife, Mathilda Cox Stevenson
(ethnologist who studied the Zuni)
oFrank Cushing (a self-taught ethnologist who worked among the Zuni, and
related most ruins that he saw to Zuni oral traditions)
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oJack Hillers (a photographer)
oVictor and Cosmos Mindeleff (young Russian immigrants who surveyed and
mapped some of the most important large ruins of the Southwest)
Free-Lance Explorers
- they were able to do little more than discover and document ancient ruins
oAdolph Bandelier (a Swiss immigrant, artist and scientist who traveled
thousands of miles alone and often on foot across the Southwest, sketching and
painting major ruins)
oCharles Lummis
oGustaf Nordenskiold
oThe Wetherill Brothers
Commercial Looting and the Antiques Act
-1906 congress and president Roosevelt signed the Antiquity Act
oThe act outlawed unauthorized digging of archaeological sites on Federal and
Indian land
oNational Monuments were created under this act
Franz Boas and Historical Particularism
University Anthropology
-On the up coming 20th century, developments limited the influence the US Government
sponsored science and led to the rise of anthropology in American univ.
-Franz Boas
oInfluential archaeologist
oRejected unilineal cultural evolution
oSuggested people had a complex rise through evolution
-Promoting a “historical-particularism” framework for thinking about the complexities of
individual cultures and their historical changes
oRejected the ranking of cultures
None were superior to the other
New Methods of Chronological Study
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Document Summary
The discipline: history and methods of sw archaeology. The earliest official american explorations of the region that began in the first half of the. Ft. smith, arkansas to los angeles in 1853-54, seeking an overland passage across the west. The smithsonian institution and the bureau of american ethnology. Latter 19th century, began the serious and systematic studies of the southwest. Expeditions were sponsored by the bureau of american ethnology (bae) and the smithsonian institution: smithsonian founded in 1846, bae founded 1879. Both institutions used a direct-historical approach: means they attempted to work back in time, relating native peoples who lived in the region to ancient ruins. Figures from bae 1879-1902: john wesley powell (director, a true renaissance man who worked in geology, archaeology, ethnology, and linguistics, jesse walter fewkes (trained as a zoologist, he conducted studies among the. 1906 congress and president roosevelt signed the antiquity act: the act outlawed unauthorized digging of archaeological sites on federal and.
