ANT 351 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Cliff Palace, Azurite, Hematite

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26 Jun 2018
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Ancestral Pueblo: Pueblo III and Pueblo IV
Introduction and Overview
-The last 2 stages of the Ancestral pueblo sequence
oPueblo III and IV
-Dramatic changes
-a pronounced shift toward aggregation of people into larger settlements, changes in the
production of pottery, and movement of some communities into sheltered cliff dwelling sites
-drought conditions and a deteriorating environment in terms of soil erosion and lowering of
ground water
-In other areas, the aggregation takes place in the context of the break-up of the Chaco cultural
system
- end of Pueblo III and the beginning of Pueblo IV bring even more profound cultural changes to
Pueblo people
-AD 1276-1299:
o there is a widespread and unrelenting drought across the Four Corners
oVast areas of territory, including most of the Four Corners, are abandoned
omassive re-shuffling of population
oPueblo communities not only become aggregated, they become nucleated
-Some pueblo communities grow to encompass a few thousand people
-Pueblo architecture, settlements, site configurations, and material culture begin to look quite
recognizably like pueblo culture that we know today
-the Western Pueblos develop, or perhaps synthesize and refine from existing beliefs and
practices, the religious belief system known as the Kachina religion
-open plazas that were used for public activities and ceremonies on a grand scale
-Pottery and rock art begin to show masked figures that resemble kachina spirits
Environmental Context for Pueblo III and Pueblo IV
-environmental range of Ancestral Pueblo culture during Pueblo III and Pueblo IV is considerably
more restricted
- many areas that were inhabited in previous stages were abandoned during PIII and PIV
-In PIII, Ancestral Pueblo people abandoned many areas, including the Grand Canyon, much of
the Tsegi Canyon area, and the northern part of the Flagstaff area
-Pueblo IV, the territories occupied by Puebloans became even more restricted
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-AD 1300:
o very large territories, including most of the Four Corners (the Mesa Verde and Kayenta
areas), were abandoned
- PIV, populations concentrated in many of the same areas that Pueblo people still occupy today
omajor groups of settlements on the Hopi Mesas; at Zuni; in the area surrounding Acoma
Pueblo; on Anderson Mesa east of Flagstaff; along the Little Colorado River, from
Winslow south; and along the Rio Grande and its tributaries in northern and central NM
-Climatic changes were an important part of the story for Pueblo III and Pueblo IV
-a serious drought in the mid-1100s, which interrupted a period of rising water tables and
deposition of sediments
- Between about 1250 and 1275, however, water tables fell and major erosion of the floodplain
commenced
- trends were intensified by the Great Drought of AD 1276 to 1299
- lowering the water table and destroying large areas of land that previously had been farmed
-rainfall and climatic conditions did not resemble what Pueblo people had known in the previous
centuries of pueblo development
-Beginning about AD 1250, climate begins to behave in unexpected ways and the environment
deteriorates more rapidly than Pueblo people had known before
- Jeffrey S. Dean
o“Principal components analyses reveal that between AD 1250 and 1450, the
northwestern part of the Southwest experienced a major breakdown in the spatial
patterning of dendroclimate.”
-It is during this time period, AD 1250 to 1450, that Ancestral Pueblo culture undergoes a period
of profound and sometimes rapid changes
-Some archaeologists have speculated that the events of PIII and PIV are, at least in part, driven
by the major climatic changes that were taking place in the northern Southwest at the same
time.
Chronology of Pueblo III and Pueblo IV
-Dates for PIII are about AD 1100 to 1300 for most areas
-Pueblo IV lasts from about AD 1300 to 1450 in some areas
oAnderson Mesa, and the Little Colorado River valley
-Pueblo IV lasts from AD 1300 to the first Spanish contact in AD 1540
o Hopi Mesas, Acoma, Zuni, and the Rio Grande Pueblos
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Document Summary

The last 2 stages of the ancestral pueblo sequence: pueblo iii and iv. In other areas, the aggregation takes place in the context of the break-up of the chaco cultural system end of pueblo iii and the beginning of pueblo iv bring even more profound cultural changes to. Ad 1276-1299: there is a widespread and unrelenting drought across the four corners, vast areas of territory, including most of the four corners, are abandoned, massive re-shuffling of population, pueblo communities not only become aggregated, they become nucleated. Some pueblo communities grow to encompass a few thousand people. Pottery and rock art begin to show masked figures that resemble kachina spirits. Environmental context for pueblo iii and pueblo iv environmental range of ancestral pueblo culture during pueblo iii and pueblo iv is considerably more restricted many areas that were inhabited in previous stages were abandoned during piii and piv.

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