COMM 2301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Dependent And Independent Variables, Physical Attractiveness, Kurtosis
21 Sep 2017
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Content analysis (not really able to use in this class) Three criteria for causality: time order, cause must precede effect, logical association between two variables, rule out alternative explanations. Causality: the only method that can establish causality is the experiment, causality is extremely difficult to show, causality: a relationship between two variables such that one influences the existence of, or change of, another. Measures of variability: variability: how scores differ from one another. Important way to describe data: #1 (7,6,3,3,1) mean=4, #2 (3,4,4,5,4) mean=4, #3 (4,4,4,4,4) mean=4, all of these sets have the same mean, but #3 has no variability. Range: range: how far apart the scores are from one another. Subtract the lowest score in a set of numbers from the highest score: 2,6,7,9,10,4, range: 10-2=8. S=830. 22: with the information in the table above you can now solve the standard deviation, s= the sum of what follows, x=each individual score.
