POLS 1155 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Deductive Reasoning, Falsifiability, Observational Error

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Theory- a general set of explanatory claims about some specifiable empirical range. Theory aims to explain more than just one or two cases or examples. A specific prediction, derived from a theory, that can be tested against empirical evidence. They are possible answers to a question, which we plan to test out by applying them to data, looking at specific cases to see if there is evidence to support the idea. Hypotheses are generated from existing theories in a deductive fashion. Deductive reasoning- the process of moving from general claims or theories to specific observations or predictions about a phenomenon or set of cases. Deviant case (outlier)- a case that does not fit the pattern predicted by a given theory. Inductive reasoning- the process of moving from specific observations to general claims. Thesis- a statement for which one argues on the basis of evidence.

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