BIOL SCI 215 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Hox Gene, Wnt Signaling Pathway, Pax6

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5/23 - Developmental Genetics
NHEJ - allow for repair of breaks in double stranded DNA, pasting broken enzymes back
together for making a transgenic mutation e.g. random or
Targeted mutation would be through HR - use a homologous chromosome sequence to
repair a DNA break
Bodies are organized along axes
Similarities in animals adult, larva etc: bilaterally symmetric animals - head to tail
[anteroposterior axis] and the back to belly axis [dorsoventral axis]
Forward Genetic Screen and Reverse Genetic Screen
Mutation in Hox genes cause alteration of the body plan e.g. wings and legs in
Drosophila
Method to discern if gene is expressed across development is Situ Hybridization
oHox genes are expressed in domains across the body
oGenes are also located at the succession of the genome, Hox proteins share
a particular protein binding domain
Similar Letters in different proteins lead to formation of Helixes
oProbe is the same as mRNA but is complementary base pair of NTPs and
can be seen under fluorescence microscopy
RNAs in tissue detection:
oNorthern Blotting
Hybridization of size-separated RNA with a labeled probe
Take RNA from each part, separate on gel and take a probe to figure
out the mRNA properties
Other animals have Hox Genes
oHomeodomain of individual hox genes is more similar across species than
compared to other Hox genes
Mammals and flies share the same Hox code specifying regions along the main axis
Hox Genes regulate the identity of serially repeated structures in vertebrates
Transcription factors that trigger organ formation
oInactivation of Pax6/eyeless prevents eye formation
oMisexpressed Pax6 triggers formation of extra eye
oMisexpression of human Pax6 gene in Drosophila forms extra Drosophila
eyes
Communication across tissues
oCell to cell signaling and signal pathway analysis
oCell cell signaling - ligand that is secreted which will activate a receptor,
phosphorylation and then transcription factor is activated
Ligands can act in concentration/dose-dependent response to create
different cell fates (morphogens), set up a system which changes
based on the cell type
BMP signaling: Secreted inhibitors such as chordin
Patterns the back to belly axis in most animals
Wnt signaling: Head to tail identity e.g. cancer progression
oGrowth factor binds to a receptor tyrosine kinases and activates a signalling
pathway : Signal that will result in a response
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Document Summary

Nhej - allow for repair of breaks in double stranded dna, pasting broken enzymes back together for making a transgenic mutation e. g. random or. Targeted mutation would be through hr - use a homologous chromosome sequence to repair a dna break. Similarities in animals adult, larva etc: bilaterally symmetric animals - head to tail. [anteroposterior axis] and the back to belly axis [dorsoventral axis] Mutation in hox genes cause alteration of the body plan e. g. wings and legs in. Similar letters in different proteins lead to formation of helixes: probe is the same as mrna but is complementary base pair of ntps and can be seen under fluorescence microscopy. Rnas in tissue detection: northern blotting. Hybridization of size-separated rna with a labeled probe. Take rna from each part, separate on gel and take a probe to figure.

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