COM 201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Connotation, Denotation, Diaphragmatic Breathing
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13 Sep 2016
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What happens when you breathe?
● Diaphragm contracts when inhale, ribs move upward and out increasing the size of the
chest cavity
● Air flows into the lungs and fills the vacuum
● When you exhale the diaphragm slowly begins to relax, and abdominal muscles exert
pressure upward to force air out of the lungs
Types of Breathing
● If you gasp for air/ raise shoulders = clavicular breathing (happens from the top of
lungs)
● Causes tension in neck and throat (avoid this type of breathing)
●Diaphragmatic breathing = produces steady breath from the diaphragm and also
provides the constant supply of air need to produce sound
Volume
● Intensity, loudness, and softness of your voice
● Voice projection - requires strength and volume (diaphragmatic breathing)
● Don’t strain your voice
Articulation
● Clarity and enunciation of words, phrase, and sentences in speech
● Casual conversation= sloppy articulators
● We eliminate vowels and even run words together
● To communicate effectively, a speaker must enunciate clearly
● The audience must be able to understand words/phrases without having to guess the
meaning
● If you lessen the volume at the end of the sentence, audience can not understand you
● When speaking, open your mouth and articulate clearly. Remember that people must
understand you
Pitch
● Highness or lowness of sound
● If you spoke in your normal voice and struck a note on a piano corresponding to your
vocal note, you would find your approximate pitch
●Inflection= changes in pitch (important in effective vocal delivery) (monotone and
emotion in voice)
● Do not use a speech pattern or same cycle of inflection
Rate
● Number of words an individual speaks every minute
● Don't rush/ go to slow
● Most desirable rate is 125-150 words per minute
Pause
● Breaks/interruptions in a speech that separate thoughts/ideas
●Dramatic pauses: intentional breaks/silences between ideas that can bring out the
meaning of a specific passage
● Vocalized pauses are fillers- verbalizations like “uh’ ‘um’ ‘like’ ‘so’ etc
Emphasis/Phrasing
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