ANATOMY 2300.01 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Dihedral Angle, Lumbosacral Plexus, White Matter
31 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Exam I – Intro & Lower Limb
Boucher/Agnew, SU 17
1
ANATOMY 6000
Division I- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Tuesday, May 30: Introduction
Readings:
ECA: Introduction: 1-39, 322-327
GD: Introduction: 1-4, 183-188
Learning Objectives (Intro):
Regional anatomy → based on organization of body in parts. How we are learning it. Ex: looking at all bones, muscles,
nerves, vasculature of lower extremity, then upper extremity afterwards.
Systemic anatomy → organized by 13 organ systems. Ex: Integumentary system (skin), skeletal system, articular
system, nervous system, etc.
Clinical anatomy → encompasses both and used to practice different health professions. Ex: medicine, dental, OT, etc.
1. Define standard anatomical position, vocabulary, planes, directions, and motions.
• Standard anatomical position → standing erect. Head, eyes, toes are forward. Upper limbs by sides with
palms facing anteriorly up. Lower limbs are close together with feel parallel and toes anterior.
• Planes
o Median (median sagittal) → vertical down the center, left and right halves.
o Sagittal → vertical plane parallel to Median, also creating left and right sides.
o Frontal/ Coronal → vertical planes creating anterior and posterior.
o Transverse → horizontal planes creating superior and inferior parts.
• Terms
o Inferomedial → inferior + medial = closer to feet and median plane
o Superolateral → superior + lateral = closer to head and farther from median plane
o Proximal → closer to trunk/ origin. Ex: elbow is proximal to wrist
o Distal → farther from trunk/ origin. Ex: wrist is distal to elbow.
o Dorsum → superior or dorsal surface of a part that protrudes anteriorly from body. Ex: dorsum of
foot, hand, tongue.
o Sole → inferior/ bottom of foot // Palm → anterior/ front of hand
o Bilateral → paired left and right (kidneys)
o Unilateral → one sided (spleen, stomach)
o Ipsilateral → same side of body (right thumb and right ankle)
o Contralateral → opposite side of body (right hand and left hand)
• Movement
o Flexion → angle decreases
o Extension → angle increases
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Exam I – Intro & Lower Limb
Boucher/Agnew, SU 17
2
o Abduction → away from midline // Adduction → toward midline
o Supination → palm up // Pronation → palm down
o Inversion → big toe up // Eversion → small toe up
a. Figures I.1-I.4
2. Explain the layers of skin and types of fascia throughout the body.
• Skin is the largest organ in the body and provides protection, containment, heat regulation, sensation, and
synthesis and storage of vitamin D.
• Two layers = Epidermis and Dermis. Other structures = hair, nails, mammary glands, teeth enamel.
• Epidermis → superficial cellular layer.
o Keratinized stratified epithelium with tough outer surface composed of fibrous protein called
keratin.
o Outer layer continuously sheds and replaced by basal layer (between epidermis and dermis) every
25-45 days.
o No vasculature, nourished from vessels in dermis.
o Few nerve terminals penetrate epidermis, but most end in dermis.
• Dermis → underlying layer of collagen and elastic fibers
o Give skin tone and strength and toughness
o direction of collagen determine wrinkle and tension lines of skin
o deep dermis has hair follicles, arrector muscles, and sebaceous glands
o Arrector muscles → contraction erects hair follicles and compresses sebaceous glands to only
secrete oil to skin
• Subcutaneous Tissue/ Superficial Fascia→ loose connective tissue and fat
o Contains deepest parts of sweat glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves.
o Bod’s fat storage.
o Skin ligaments → small fibrous bands that extend through subcutaneous tissue and attach to deep
surface of dermis and underlying deep fascia.
• Deep Fascia → dense, organized connective tissue with NO fat
o Retinacula → holds tendons in place during joint movement
o Bursae → closed sacs containing fluid that prevent friction and enable structures to move freely
over another
o 3 extensions from internal surface
▪ Investing facscia (invest deeper structures), intermuscular septa (divide muscles into
groups), subserous fascia (lie between musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes lining
body cavities.
a. Figure I.5
3. Define bone and its function, types of bone, and the two types of bone development.
Axial = head, neck, trunk = skull, cervical vertebrae, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum
Appendicular = limbs, pectoral, pelvic girdles
• Bone → living tissue, highly specialized, hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton.
o Chief supporting tissue of body
o Protection for vital structures
o Support for body/ cavities
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Exam I – Intro & Lower Limb
Boucher/Agnew, SU 17
3
o Mechanical basis for movement
o Storage of salts
o Continuous supply of new blood cells via marrow in medullary cavity of most bones
• Cartilage → semirigid, avascular type of connective tissue that forms part of skeleton that need flexibility.
• Two Types of Bone = Compact and Spongy (trabecular/ cancellous)
o All bones have an outer layer of compact that surrounds spongy bone. (uless there’s a edullar
marrow cavity in place of spongy. This is where blood cells and platelets are formed)
o The difference between the two depends on amount of solid matter and number and size of spaces
they contain.
o Compact Bone → provides strength for weight bearing.
• So essentially, all bones have both or a cavity instead of spongy. The architecture of each depends based on
the function of that bone. For example, in long bones, compact bone is greatest in the middle of the shaft of
the bone, because long bones are designed for rigidity and attachment of muscles and ligaments. The
amount of each depends on what the bone needs to do.
• Five bone classifications → long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
• Bones = mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
• Two types of bone development → Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
o Intramembranous ossification → directly from mesenchyme
o Endochondral ossification → from cartilage from mesenchyme
a. Figure I.7, Figure I.9
4. Identify the 3 types of muscles and describe the different arrangements of skeletal muscle. a. Figure I.12, Table I.3
• Skeletal striated→ moves bones and other structures
o Two parts = contractile muscle belly and noncontractile collagen bundles that are tendons or
aponeuroses
o Attached through tendons and aponeuroses to bones, cartilage, ligaments, fascia, or organs
• Cardiac striated (myocardium)→ forms most of heart, aorta, pulmonary vein, and superior vena cava.
Involuntary. ANS.
• Smooth → parts of most vessels, digestive tract, ducts, skin, eyeballs, hollow organs. Involuntary. ANS.
• Skeletal Muscle Arrangements
o Pennate → feather-like arrangement of fasicicles. Can be Uni, Bi, or Multi
o Fusiform → Spindle-shaped, 4 types
o Parallel → fascicles parallel to long axis of muscle
o Convergent → broad attachment fascicles converge to single tendon
o Circular → around body opening/ orifice
o Digastric → two bellies sharing tendon
5. Describe the 3 ways in which skeletal muscle can contract.
• When muscle contracts, usually the origin attachment remains fixed, and the insertion attachment is
movable, but sometimes can move in both directions.
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Document Summary
Regional anatomy based on organization of body in parts. Ex: looking at all bones, muscles, nerves, vasculature of lower extremity, then upper extremity afterwards. Systemic anatomy organized by 13 organ systems. Ex: integumentary system (skin), skeletal system, articular system, nervous system, etc. Clinical anatomy encompasses both and used to practice different health professions. Ex: medicine, dental, ot, etc: define standard anatomical position, vocabulary, planes, directions, and motions. Upper limbs by sides with palms facing anteriorly up. Lower limbs are close together with feel parallel and toes anterior. Median (median sagittal) vertical down the center, left and right halves. Sagittal vertical plane parallel to median, also creating left and right sides. Frontal/ coronal vertical planes creating anterior and posterior: transverse horizontal planes creating superior and inferior parts. Inferomedial inferior + medial = closer to feet and median plane. Superolateral superior + lateral = closer to head and farther from median plane: proximal closer to trunk/ origin.
