ANTHROP 3300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Binomial Nomenclature, Evolutionary Taxonomy, Phenetics
9 Sep 2016
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After darwin: based on evolutionary relationships, those most closely related grouped together: homology: characteristic inherited from a common ancestor , homoplasy: characteristics acquired independently. Convergence: different lineages acquire similar features but still different structures. Parallelism: acquire characteristics of same structures (similar genes involved) Reversals: go backward in form to less complex. Phylogeny = evolutionary relationships based on homology but should reflect. Phenetics: back to linnaeus based on all similarities. Because too hard to figure out which similarities due to common. Cladistics descent: based only on phylogenetic relationships: based on evolutionary branching sequence, distinction between primitive features and derived features. Mammary gland = derived feature: shared derived characteristics = synapomorphies (key to cladistics) More synapomorphies = closer relationship: shared primitive characteristics = symplesiomorphies. Not relevant: traits unique to a taxon = autapomorphies. F. 1. not relevant: how to do cladistic analysis. Which traits are more primitive and which are more derived. Use parsimony principle = assume homoplasy is infrequent.
