ANTH 2020 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Harappa, Pastoralism, Upper Mesopotamia

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Paisley cave, oregon: coprolites- human feces found 14,300 years ago. Get dna- haplogroups (members of same genetic lineage). Paisley cave from siberia: caches found w clovis but not pre clovis, lack of art, technology developed in n. america. Convert to bp: add 1950 years to a bce or bc date. Multicausual origins: johnson and earle (1987) Looked for general conditions under which states reformed. High population density relative to food supply. Need for a system of integration: irrigation, trade, warfare. The potential for one group to control economy. These conditions can lead to state formation. How do states reform: craft specialization- the urban revolution (gordon v childe) Surpluses free some individuals from the subsistence economy. Market economies evolve and populations nucleate forming towns and eventually cities. Societies become differentiated with respect to status and wealth: trade- trade imperative (william rathje) Agricultural communities in large alluvial valleys lacked critical resources (stone, wood)

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