BIOS 1700 Lecture 38: BIOS 1700 Notes #37

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Chapter 19: genetic and epigenetic regulation (19. 1 & 19. 2 only) How can we make 220 different cell types and different organs: chromatin structures and gene expression in eukaryotes. Many steps from gene to function: different gene expressions. Every step from gene to function matters: the protein must go to the right place in order to function properly. Dna is often modi ed: often modi ed through methylation (ch3) of a cytosine (c) residue which inhibits transcription, methylation. Occurs at a c residue of a cpg dinucleotide pair: a cluster of c-g pairs creates a cpg island, no methylation = normal transcription. Methylation usually prevents transcription activators from binding to promoters and enhancers. Chromatin structure and transcription in eukaryotes: dna or genes are protected by histones and other proteins. These proteins are essential for forming mitotic and meiotic chromosomes: this protection works against transcription.

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