CHEM 1210 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Kinetic Energy, Heat Capacity, Chemical Energy

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26 Jan 2018

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Examples of kinetic energy are mechanical energy, light, heat, and electrical energy. In chemistry, the most important forms of potential energy are chemical energy and nuclear energy. Chemical energy is stored in chemical substances as, for example, in foods such as carbohydrates and fats. It is given off when substances take part in chemical reactions. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy can be converted from one form to another. May be either kinetic energy or potential energy. The calorie (cal) is the base metric unit of energy. Kinetic energy: the energy of random motion. Ke increases as the object"s velocity increases. At the same velocity, a heavier object has greater ke. Potential energy: the energy an object has because of its position; stored energy: heat and temperature. Heating refers to he energy transfer process when two objects of different temperatures are brought into contact.

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Science Tutor: Chemistry Name: Mixtures, Solutions, &Compounds: Chemical Equations Date Chemical Equations If a chemical symbol can be thought of as a letter and a chemical formula as a word in the language of chemistry, then a chemical equation is a statement or sentence. A chemical equation is a shorthand way of describing a chemical reaction between two or more substances. A "+ sign means "combines with." An arrow points away from the reactants and toward the products (See page 10), and an arrow means "yields." 2Na + Cl2 â 2NaCl means sodium combines with chlorine to yield sodiumn chloride (salt) Look closely at the equation above. Notice the "2" in front of NaCI on the right and Na on the left. That 2, called a coefficient, is necessary to make this equation balance. Remember Antoine Lavoisier? (Page 15) Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The same number of each kind of atom must be on both sides of a chemical equation. Because chlorine only exists as a molecule consisting of two chlorine atoms, it requires two atoms of sodium to yield two molecules of salt (NaCI). This illustrates another important law stated clearly by the French chemist Joseph-Louis Proust in 1799. Chemical compounds always combine in certain specific fixed proportions. Wherever sodium and chlorine combine, two atoms of sodium will be necessary to react with one molecule of gaseous chlorine. 1 . For the equation 2Mg + O2â 2MgO + energy: A. List the reactant or reactants 2Hato B. List the product or products C. How many atoms of magnesium does it take to combine with one molecule of oxygen? D. How many molecules of magnesium oxide are produced in this reaction? 2. Hydrogen can combine with oxygen to produce water. We could write the equation like this: H2 + O2 â H2O. But this equation is unbalanced! Rewrite this equation with the correct coefficients so that an atom of oxygen doesn't disappear! (Be careful. If you add a coefficient to one side you may have to adjust the other. Count all the atoms.) 3. Now that you have the idea, balance the following equations: A, Pho, â PbO + 02 C. Ca + H2O â Ca(OH)2 + H2 How is following a recipe to mix up a batch of biscuits (or any other food item) similar to Proust's law for chemical reactions? 4. OMark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers 17

At constant pressure, the combustion of 10.0 g of C2Hg(g) releases 518 kJ of heat. What is AH for the reaction given below? 2 C2H6(g) +- 7 O2(g) rightarrow 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l). -779 kJ -1560 kJ -86.1 kJ -3120 kJ Use the information provided to determine Delta H degree r times n for the following reaction: CH4(g) + 3 Cl2(g) rightarrow CHCI3(I) + 3 HCI(g) Delta H degree r times n = ? -217 kJ -335 kJ +662 kJ +117 kJ -151 kJ Choose the reaction that illustrates Delta H degree f for NaHCO3. Na(s) + 2 H(g) + C(s) + 3 O(g) rightarrow NaHCO3 (s) Na(s) + H2(g) + C(s) + O2(g) rightarrow NaHCO3 (s) Na+(aq) + H2O (I) + CO2 (g) rightarrow NaHCO3 (s) Na(s) + 1/2 H2(g) + C(s) + 3/2 O2(g) rightarrow NaHCO3 (s) Na+(aq) + HCO3 -1 (aq) rightarrow NaHCO3 (s) Use the standard reaction enthalpies given below to determine Delta H degree r times n for the following reaction: 4 SO3(g) rightarrow 4 S(s) + 6 O2(g) Delta H degree r times n = ? Given: SO2(g) rightarrow S(s) + O2(g) Delta H degree r times m = +296.8 kJ 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) rightarow 2 SO3(g) Delta H degree r times n = -197.8 kJ -494.6 kJ -791.4 kJ 1583 kJ -293.0 kJ -692.4 kJ Which of the following statements is TRUE? State functions do not depend on the path taken to arrive at a particular state. Energy is neither created nor destroyed, excluding nuclear reactions. Delta Hr times r can be determined using constant pressure calorimetry. Delta H r times n can be determined using constant volume calorimetry. All of the above are true. How much energy is evolved during the formation of 98.7 g of Fe, according to the reaction below? Fe2O3(s) + 2 Al(s) rightarrow Al2O3(s) + 2 Fe(s) Delta H degree r times n = 852 kJ 01.51 times 103 kJ 241 kJ 0482 kJ 4.20 x 103 kJ 753 kJ Given w = 0, an endothermic reaction has the following. - Delta H and + Delta E Delta H and -Delta E - Delta H and -Delta E + Delta H and +Delta E Which of the following substances (with specific heat capacity provided) would show the greatest temperature change upon absorbing 100.0 J of heat? 10.0 g ethanol, Celharol = 2.42 J/g degree C 10.0 g Ag, CAg = 0.235 J/g degree C 10.0 g Au, CAu = 0.128 J/g degree C 10.0 g Fe, CFe = 0.449 J/g degree C 10.0 g H2O, CHO = 4.18J/g degree C Which of the following processes is endothermic? a hot cup of coffee (system) cools on a countertop the vaporization of rubbing alcohol the chemical reaction in a "hot pack" often used to treat sore muscles the freezing of water the combustion of propane

Show transcribed image text At constant pressure, the combustion of 10.0 g of C2Hg(g) releases 518 kJ of heat. What is AH for the reaction given below? 2 C2H6(g) +- 7 O2(g) rightarrow 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l). -779 kJ -1560 kJ -86.1 kJ -3120 kJ Use the information provided to determine Delta H degree r times n for the following reaction: CH4(g) + 3 Cl2(g) rightarrow CHCI3(I) + 3 HCI(g) Delta H degree r times n = ? -217 kJ -335 kJ +662 kJ +117 kJ -151 kJ Choose the reaction that illustrates Delta H degree f for NaHCO3. Na(s) + 2 H(g) + C(s) + 3 O(g) rightarrow NaHCO3 (s) Na(s) + H2(g) + C(s) + O2(g) rightarrow NaHCO3 (s) Na+(aq) + H2O (I) + CO2 (g) rightarrow NaHCO3 (s) Na(s) + 1/2 H2(g) + C(s) + 3/2 O2(g) rightarrow NaHCO3 (s) Na+(aq) + HCO3 -1 (aq) rightarrow NaHCO3 (s) Use the standard reaction enthalpies given below to determine Delta H degree r times n for the following reaction: 4 SO3(g) rightarrow 4 S(s) + 6 O2(g) Delta H degree r times n = ? Given: SO2(g) rightarrow S(s) + O2(g) Delta H degree r times m = +296.8 kJ 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) rightarow 2 SO3(g) Delta H degree r times n = -197.8 kJ -494.6 kJ -791.4 kJ 1583 kJ -293.0 kJ -692.4 kJ Which of the following statements is TRUE? State functions do not depend on the path taken to arrive at a particular state. Energy is neither created nor destroyed, excluding nuclear reactions. Delta Hr times r can be determined using constant pressure calorimetry. Delta H r times n can be determined using constant volume calorimetry. All of the above are true. How much energy is evolved during the formation of 98.7 g of Fe, according to the reaction below? Fe2O3(s) + 2 Al(s) rightarrow Al2O3(s) + 2 Fe(s) Delta H degree r times n = 852 kJ 01.51 times 103 kJ 241 kJ 0482 kJ 4.20 x 103 kJ 753 kJ Given w = 0, an endothermic reaction has the following. - Delta H and + Delta E Delta H and -Delta E - Delta H and -Delta E + Delta H and +Delta E Which of the following substances (with specific heat capacity provided) would show the greatest temperature change upon absorbing 100.0 J of heat? 10.0 g ethanol, Celharol = 2.42 J/g degree C 10.0 g Ag, CAg = 0.235 J/g degree C 10.0 g Au, CAu = 0.128 J/g degree C 10.0 g Fe, CFe = 0.449 J/g degree C 10.0 g H2O, CHO = 4.18J/g degree C Which of the following processes is endothermic? a hot cup of coffee (system) cools on a countertop the vaporization of rubbing alcohol the chemical reaction in a "hot pack" often used to treat sore muscles the freezing of water the combustion of propane

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Decomposition of Malachite

Here is what Malachite is Made Out Of

Malachite is a famous and very popular semi-precious stone. Its banded light and dark green bands are one-of-a-kind, and give it a unique ornamental quality unlike that of any other stone. The light and dark green bands are so distinctive that malachite may be one of the most easily recognized minerals by the general public. Malachite is popular in jewelry, especially Native American southwestern jewelry. The stones inlayed in silver make a nice alternative to traditional turquoise jewelry.

Malachite is a form of copper carbonate with the molecular formula Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂. When heated to around 200 ï¿½C, malachite decomposes into copper (II) oxide (CuO) and other products.

Reaction Stoichiometry

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore, the number of atoms of each element on the reactants side must be same as the number of atoms on the products side. This quantitative study of chemical reactions is called stoichiometry. The substances in a balanced reaction are related to each other by stoichiometric molar ratios. For example, magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid in a 1:2 stoichiometric ratio in the balanced equation below.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) -> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

The molar ratios can be used as conversion factors to find the amount (in moles) of one substance given the amount of another. For example, given the number of moles of HCl, the amount of MgCl₂ can be determined as shown below.

nMgCl2=nHCl x (1mol MgCl2) / (2mol HCL)

The molar ratios are used to determine the amount in moles. However, the amount of reactant or product is often measured in grams. Mass can be converted to moles and vice versa as shown below.

n = m / (MM)

m = n x MM

where n is the number of moles, m is the mass of the product in g, and MM is its molar mass in g/mol.

To observe the Law of Conservation of Mass, you can perform different types of chemical reactions. For example, you can use a decomposition reaction to observe one compound being broken down into two or more elements or new compounds. For this reaction to take place, you must break existing bonds within the starting compound. Different sources of energy such as heat, light, or electricity may be used. Through a decomposition reaction, you can observe that the atoms in the original compound are not destroyed but are rearranged to form simpler substances, such as elements or compounds.

About This Lab

In this lab, you will test if the relationship between malachite and copper (II) oxide is stoichiometric. To do this, you will heat a known mass of malachite to produce copper (II) oxide. You will then compare the amount of copper (II) oxide obtained experimentally with the amount of copper (II) oxide expected from the balanced equation for the decomposition reaction.

1.Take a crucible from the Containers shelf and place it on the workbench.

2.Take a balance from the Instruments shelf and place it on the workbench.

3.Move the crucible onto the balance. Record the mass of the empty crucible to the nearest 0.001g in your Lab Notes.

4.Move the crucible onto the workbench.

5.Take copper (II) carbonate hydroxide from the Materials shelf and add 10 g to the crucible.

6.Move the crucible onto the balance and record the mass of the crucible containing copper (II) carbonate hydroxide in your Lab Notes.

7.Take a Bunsen burner from the Instruments shelf and place it on the workbench.

8.Move the crucible onto the Bunsen burner.

9.Double-click on the crucible to open its properties. Select Show Contents and click OK. This gives you a cut-away view of the crucible's contents.

10.Turn the Bunsen burner on to low flame by clicking the knob at the bottom once. Clicking multiple times will increase the intensity of the flame until it is turned off.

11.Watch the crucible until the malachite fully decomposes. You will see a distinct color change.

12.Move the crucible onto the workbench to cool.

13.Turn off your Bunsen burner.

14.Weigh the crucible with its contents and record the mass to the nearest 0.001 g in your Lab Notes.

Clear your station.

Lab Notes:

Numbers below refer to numbers in the above âAbout this Labâ

3. Empty crucible = 88 g

5. Added 10 g of Copper (II) carbonate hydroxide to crucible

6. Crucible with Copper (II) carbonate hydroxide = 98 g

11. to Black

14. after heating crucible with its contents = 95.195

Questions I have answered:

How many grams of malachite did you add to the crucible? 10g

How many grams of product were in the crucible after heating? 7.195

By how much did the mass of the crucible's contents change after heating? -2.805

The molar mass of malachite is 221.1 g/mol. How many moles of malachite were present before the reaction? 0.04523 mol

The product remaining in the crucible after heating is copper (II) oxide. The molar mass of copper (II) oxide is 79.55 g/mol. How many moles of copper (II) oxide were produced during the reaction?

0.0945 mol

Please answer the following:

Q1 a. Which of the following represents the balanced chemical equation for this reaction?

Cu2CO3(OH)2=2CuO+H2O

Cu2CO3(OH)2=CuO+CO2

Cu2CO3(OH)2=2CuO+H2O+CO2

Cu2CO3(OH)2=CuO+H2O+CO2

b. Based on the number of moles of malachite that you started with, how many grams of water were produced? The molar mass of water is 18.0153 g/mol. Choose the closest answer.

1.815 g 0.8148 g 1.630 g 1.982 g

c. Based on the number of moles of malachite that you started with, how many moles of CO₂were produced? Choose the closest answer.

1.000 mol 0.04523 mol 0.9000 mol 0.09045 mol

d. Based on the number of moles of malachite that you started with, how many grams of CO₂were produced? The molar mass of CO₂ is 44.01 g/mol. Choose the closest answer.

1.991 g 0.4401 g 0.04523 g 3.981 g

Q2a. Based on the number of grams of CO₂ and H₂O produced during the reaction, does this compensate for the observed loss of mass?

A. No, because this violates the law of conservation of mass

B. yes, this compensates for the mass lost in the reaction

C. No, because more copper oxide was produced

D. No because mass is conserved

b. You observed that the products in the crucible weigh less than the reactants that you added. How is this possible?

A. Mass was lost due to experimental error

B. The Malachite absorbed CO2 from the air

C. CO2 and H2O were released as gases

D. Mass was converted to energy

c. What kind of a reaction took place upon heating?

A. decomposition

B. single displacement

C. synthesis

D. Double displacement

d. Baking soda is used as a leavening agent in baking. When heated, baking soda undergoes a decomposition reaction to form carbon dioxide. Given the data below, which of the following reactions occurs during baking? The molar mass of baking soda is 84.007 g/mol and the molar mass of carbon dioxide is 44.01 g/mol.

Mass of empty crucible (g) = 55.000

mass of crucible with baking soda (g) = 57.000

mass of crucible and contents after the reaction (g) =56.260

A. 2NaHCO3= 2Na+2CO2 +H2O

B. 2NaHCO3 = Na2O + 2CO2 +H2O

C. NaHCO3 = NaOH +CO2

D. 2NaHCO3 = Na2CO3 + CO2 +H2O

CHEM 1210 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Kinetic Energy, Heat Capacity, Chemical Energy

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