BIO 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Fructose, Disaccharide, Sucrose
Chapter 3: The Molecules of Life
Organic Molecules- a molecule containing atoms of carbon and hydrogen
4 Main Classes of Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates (sugar)- sugars, provide energy and structure to cells. Made of C, H and O
a. Ex. bread, rice, pasta & potato
b. Glucose (where starch is stored) & Fructose, monosaccharides
c. Sucrose, disaccharide - made of glucose and fructose
d. Cellulose, polysaccharide
2. Proteins
i. Four Levels of Protein Structure
1. The primary structure
of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary structure
, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds
in the polypeptide chain.
3. Tertiary structure
is determined by interactions among various side
chains (R groups)
4. Quaternary structure
results when a protein consists of multiple
polypeptide chains
b. Made of monomer sub-units called amino acids.
c. Amino acids joined together by peptide bonds are called polypeptides.
d. Used for cell structure and function
e. Some are called enzymes – regulate chemical reactions in the cell.
f. Some are hormones – send chemical messages in body
3. Lipids (fats) - are hydrophobic
a. 3 main types :
i. Fats- gives energy
1. Trans Fats-
Incomplete hydrogenation. May be linked to an increased
risk of heart disease and diabetes
a. Contain at least one double bond
b. Cis
bonds occur when both sides of the molecule are “up”
c. Trans
bonds occur when one side of the molecule is “up” and
one is “down”
ii. Steroid- Cholesterol, helps break down fat. Some steroids are hormones, like
testosterone and estrogen
1. Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
a. Examples: cholesterol and sex hormones
2. Cholesterol—important steroid
iii. Phospholipids- used in cell membrane structure.
b. Triglycerides: Glycerol & 3 fatty acids
c. Saturated Fats
- fatty acid carbons are bound to as much hydrogen as possible
Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid (no double bonds)
found in butter
d. Unsaturated fats-
Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid (no double bonds) found in butter
Oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid (one double
bond) found in canola oil.
Document Summary
Organic molecules- a molecule containing atoms of carbon and hydrogen. 4 main classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates (sugar) - sugars, provide energy and structure to cells. Made of c, h and o: ex. bread, rice, pasta & potato, glucose (where starch is stored) & fructose, monosaccharides, sucrose, disaccharide - made of glucose and fructose, cellulose, polysaccharide, proteins i. Fats- gives energy: 3 main types : i, trans fats- incomplete hydrogenation. Some steroids are hormones, like testosterone and estrogen: lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings one is down , examples: cholesterol and sex hormones, cholesterol important steroid. Phospholipids- used in cell membrane structure. ii. iii: triglycerides: glycerol & 3 fatty acids, saturated fats - fatty acid carbons are bound to as much hydrogen as possible. Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid (no double bonds) found in butter d. unsaturated fats- stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid (no double bonds) found in butter.
