BIO 203 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Gestational Diabetes, Kidney Failure
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28 Mar 2019
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Outline
● General characterization and overall prevalence
● Type 1 and type 2 diabetes
● Gestational diabetes
General characterization and overall prevalence
● Diabetes mellitus
○ Group of diseases characterized by problems in insulin production or
function, resulting in issues with glucose regulation
○ Two major types including type 1, type 2, account for 95% of cases
● Glucose
○ Monosaccharide
○ Main source of fuel for cells
○ Obtained from the food we eat
○ Absorbed from the digestive tract into the bloodstream
● Pancreas
○ Secretes insulin in response to high levels of glucose in the blood
■ Insulin promotes the movement of glucose into target cells by
increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in target cell
membranes
○ Unusually high levels of blood glucose occur when
■ There is not enough insulin
■ Target cells do not adequately respond to insulin
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
● An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the beta cells of
the pancreas, which produce insulin
● Destruction of beta cells means that insulin must be delivered by injection or
pump
● Represents 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases
○ Former names:
■ Juvenile onset diabetes
■ Insulin-dependent diabetes
Type 2 diabetes mellutis
● Form associated with a lifestyle of overeating, obesity, and inactivity
● Characterized by insulin resistance
○ Cells of the body fail to adequately respond to insulin
● Represents 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases
○ Former names: