PSYCH 212 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Depth Perception, Surface 2, Eleanor J. Gibson
Chapter 6; Physical Development -The first 3 years of Life
Reflexes;
o Involuntary behaviors (i.e. not learned)
o Help keep the baby alive (everyone has them)
o Once learned behaviors develop, reflexes disappear
o Infants have 27 major reflexes
o At about 1 ½ y.o. reflexes = 12
o 1st appear gestation (pregnancy) -1mos age
Examples:
1. Blinking
2. Gagging
3. Coughing
4. Yawning
5. Shivering
6. Pupillary reflex
▪ These are kept.
▪ Disappearance of reflex indicates that learned behaviors
have taken over.
Primitive Reflexes
o Associated with survival and protection
o Rooting & sucking
o Present at birth
o Disappears at 9 months
o Can be tricked
o Rooting
o Stimulation – as hek or loer lip is stroked ith figer or ipple
o Behavior: head turns, mouth opens, sucking movement begin
o Birth to 9 months
Babkin:
o Stimulation -oth of as pals are stroked at oe
o Behavior -mouth opens, eyes close, neck flexes, head tilts forward
o Birth to 3 months
Babinski:
o “tiulatio: sole of as foot is stroked
o Behavior: toes fan out, foot twists in
o Birth to 4 months
Darwinian Grasping:
o Present at birth; disappears at ~4 months
o “troke as pal palar or foot platar ad grasps
o Makes strong fist -palmar strong enough to be raised to a standing position
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Locomotor reflexes:
o Resemble voluntary movements that do not appear until months after these
reflexes have disappeared
Postural Reflexes: (full body movement) reacts to changes in position and balance
1. Moro
a. Baby hears loud noise or is dropped
b. Occurs when baby is startled
c. Baby extends legs, arms, fingers and arches back while drawing head back
like a parachute (paratrooper)
d. Behavior: extends legs, arms and fingers, arches back and draws back head
e. 7th month gestation and disappears at ~3 months
2. Walking, Swimming, Crawling
a. Put in water face down (baby will usually flip over themselves)
b. Put on ground face down
c. Or held under arms, the baby makes well-coordinated swimming or walking
motions
d. Disappears ~ 4 months
i. Walking (1 to 4 months)
1. Baby held under arms with bare feet touching flat surface
2. Makes step like motions that look well-coordinated
ii. Swimming (1 to 4 months)
1. Baby put into water face down
2. Makes well-coordinated swimming movements, holds breath
3. Tonic Neck Response (fencing pose)
a. Baby is laid down on back
b. Assues the feig positio
c. Extends preferred limb (eating/writing hand)
d. Precursor to crawling and walking
e. Head is usually faced toward extended limb (side that arm is extended, leg is
too, non-extended limbs are both flexed)
f. 7th month gestation to 5-6 months
4. Perez (oriented response)
a. “trokig as spie fro tail to head or use of a soud
b. Lifts head then puts head down (fast reaction)
c. Response is to raise the head
d. Disappears at 6 months
Milestones of Development;
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Document Summary
Chapter 6; physical development -the first 3 years of life. Involuntary behaviors (i. e. not learned: help keep the baby alive (everyone has them, once learned behaviors develop, reflexes disappear. Infants have 27 major reflexes: at about 1 y. o. reflexes = 12, 1st appear gestation (pregnancy) -1mos age. Examples: blinking, gagging, coughing, yawning, shivering, pupillary reflex, these are kept, disappearance of reflex indicates that learned behaviors have taken over. Darwinian grasping: present at birth; disappears at ~4 months, troke (cid:271)a(cid:271)(cid:455)(cid:859)s pal(cid:373) (cid:894)pal(cid:373)ar(cid:895) or foot (cid:894)pla(cid:374)tar(cid:895) a(cid:374)d grasps, makes strong fist -palmar strong enough to be raised to a standing position. Locomotor reflexes: resemble voluntary movements that do not appear until months after these reflexes have disappeared. More complex systems of action, range and control. Head control at birth, most infants can turn their heads from side to side while lying on their backs. While lying chest down, many can lift their heads enough to turn them.
