BIO-8 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Chemosynthesis, Commensalism, Decomposer

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Ecological systems are governed by physical and biological principles. Law of conservation of matter - matter cannot be created or destroyed, but can only change form. Law of conservation of energy (aka first law of thermodynamics) - states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted into different forms. Dynamic steady state - when gains and losses are in balance, ecological systems are unchanged. Phenotype - an attribute of an organism, such as its behavior, morphology, or physiology. A phenotype is determined by the interaction of the organism"s genotype - the set of genes it carries, with the environment in which it lives. Evolution - a change in the genetic composition of a population over time. Can occur through natural selection - a change in the frequency of genes in a population through differential survival and reproduction of individuals that possess certain phenotypes and depends on three conditions: Parental traits are inherited by their offspring.

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