01:512:104 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Californio, American Capitalist, Friendly Society

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Chapter 16 - The Conquest of the Far West
1)The Societies of the Far West
a)The Western Tribes
i)Some dislocated eastern tribes in “Indian Territory”, others western tribes
such as Pueblos had permanent settlements/farms + interaction w/ Spanish &
Mexicans- caste system over other Ind tribes (genizaros=Ind w/o tribes)
ii)Plains Indians- some nomadic, some farmers. Many (including Sioux)
hunted buffalo as main source of food + materials
iii)Warriors unable to defeat white settlers b/c disunited, internal conflict,
disease
b)Hispanic New Mexico
i)American capitalist integration led Spanish-speaking to erosion of communal
society + economies, land aristocracy from Santa Fe + Span/Mex peasants
ii)Territorial govt in 1850, in 1870s govt dominated by “territorial ring” where
business ppl took advantage of impending statehood, used fed money for
profit
iii)Arrival of RRs in in SW during 1880s/1890s brought new ranching, farming,
mining brought new Mexican migrants
c)Hispanic California and Texas
i)Most Spanish missions that employed Ind as near slaves until 1830s. White
settlers expelled Hispanic californios from the land. Market for cattle allowed
some rancheros to continue to own land, but most Mexs became working
class
ii)In Texas Mexs also unable to compete with enormous Anglo-American
ranching kingdoms- most relegated to unskilled farm + industrial labor
d)The Chinese Migration
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i)After 1848 gold rush, Chinese migration dramatically increased, settling
mostly in CA. White sentiment soon turned negative b/c Chinese industrious
and successful
ii)Chinese excluded from gold mining by CA 1852 “foreign miner tax”, other
laws 1850s discouraged immigrationChinese began to work on
transcontinental Central Pacific RR
iii)After RR completion 1869 many Chinese moved to cities- formed
“Chinatowns” w/ benevolent societies, “tongs”-secret criminal societies
iv)Many Chinese occupied lower jobs- unskilled laborers. Many started
laundries
e)Anti-Chinese Sentiment
i)“Anti-coolie” clubs in 1860s/1870s sought ban on employing Chinese, formed
b/c some whites felt Chinese laborers accepted low wages + undercut unions
ii)In CA, Democratic Party + Denis Kearney’s Workingmen’s Party attacked
Chinese interest- based on economic tension, cultural + racial- “inassimilable”
iii)1882 Congress responded to pressure, passed Chinese Exclusion Act-
halted Chinese migration, barred naturalization- aimed to help “American”
labor
f)Migration from the East
i)Extremely great postwar migration to empty and settled areas alike. Most
white Anglo-Americans, others foreign-born Eur immigrantsattracted by
metal deposits, lands for farming and ranching
ii)Fed land policies encouraged settlement: Homestead Act of 1862 gave 160
acres of land for small fee, in return would improve land, create new markets
mechanization + rising farm costs forced some small farmers off this land
iii)In response Congress passed Timber Culture Act (1863), Desert Land Act
(1877), Timber and Stone Act (1878) to allow ppl to buy/develop more cheap
land
g)1860s saw development of territorial govt, statehood soon followed for most
2)The Changing Western Economy
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Document Summary

Chapter 16 - the conquest of the far west. 1)the societies of the far west a)the western tribes i)some dislocated eastern tribes in indian territory , others western tribes such as pueblos had permanent settlements/farms + interaction w/ spanish & Mexicans- caste system over other ind tribes (genizaros=ind w/o tribes) ii)plains indians- some nomadic, some farmers. White settlers expelled hispanic californios from the land. Chinatowns w/ benevolent societies, tongs -secret criminal societies iv)many chinese occupied lower jobs- unskilled laborers. Many started laundries e)anti-chinese sentiment i) anti-coolie clubs in 1860s/1870s sought ban on employing chinese, formed b/c some whites felt chinese laborers accepted low wages + undercut unions ii)in ca, democratic party + denis kearney"s workingmen"s party attacked. 2)the changing western economy a)labor in the west i)labor shortage led to higher wages than in east, but job instability (after harvest or rr completion, ect) led to communities of jobless in cities.

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