01:510:102 Lecture 14: Chapter 14
12 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Chapter 14 - Religious Wars
The Crisis of Western States
AP European History
Mr. Moravek
Peace of Augsburg: established the local authorities responsibility to select
the religion of the area, one faith one king
• Created confusion as princes converted back and forth
• Left no room for moderates
1. Both sides philosophical outlook was absolute
2. Left no room for moderates, attacked by both sides
• Extremists dominated European politics
1550-1650 time of internal and external conflict throughout Europe
French Wars of Religion
• Civil War, particularly destructive to the development of the nation
Background:
• As a result of Reformation France had a Catholic Monarchy, but a
divided population between Calvinists and Catholics
1. Both beliefs became highly MILITANT
2. Protestants led by the Bourbons (Henry of Navarre)
3. Catholics led by the Guise
Huguenots: French Calvinists who were persecuted
• Came from all levels of society
• Mostly tradesmen and artisans, nobility (40-50%) including the Bourbon
line (related to kings)
• Made them a powerful political threat, despite representing 7% of
population
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• Centered in growing towns and cities which also represent a challenge
to growth of Monarchical power
Opposed by Catholic Monarch and rise of “Ultra-Catholic” party
• Ultra-Catholics get support from pope and Jesuits
French Monarchy:
• King Henry II died (Jousting)
• Francis II became king
1. House of Guise became influential
2. Sought to persecute Henry of Navarre
• Charles IX (Catherine de Medicis was Regent)
1. Guise eliminated Protestant influence at Court and began to
attack protestant areas
2. Protestants fought a defensive war
3. War worsened with the assassination of duc de Guise
• Both sides brought in mercenary help (Spain, Swiss)
1. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
• Guise used arraigned marriage of Henry of Navarre
as an opportunity to kill the entire protestant
leadership
• Impacts:
1. Deepened hatred and divisions
2. Prolonged the civil war
3. Medici blamed, monarchy seen as on the Catholic side
Theory of Resistance: Lawful to resist a monarchy acting in an unlawful
manner
• Protestants
• Politiques: Catholics who joined w/ protestants as a protest against the
massacre
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1. Catholic League: Collection of Catholic towns that opposed
Protestantism
2. War of the Three Henry's: King Henry III, Henry Guise & Henry of
Navarre
3. King Henry III could not control the Ultra-Catholics
1. Assassinated Henry Guise and his Brother
2. Henry III driven out of Paris by the Ultra-Catholics
1. King Henry III and Henry of Navarre made a pact to defeat the
Ultra-Catholics
2. Henry III was assassinated by a priest
3. Henry of Navarre became king (Henry IV 1594)
• Drove out the Spanish, united France
• "Paris is worth a Mass"
• Edict of Nantes: religious freedom, right to fortify cities
1. Extremists continued to fight, Henry IV eventually
assassinated
• Restored the place of the monarchy and unity of the French
Spain and Philip II
Charles V of Germany retired:
• Left German Empire to Fredrick I
• Left Spanish Empire to Phillip II
• Mid 16th Century Spain was the greatest social and econ. Power of
Europe
1. Spain, Netherlands, Milan, Naples, Portugal and New World
2. Great Naval power (Sp. + Port.)
Phillip II: Militant Catholic, great administrator of government
Spain under Phillip II:
• very wealthy (gold / silver from New World)
• very Catholic (used force and cruelty)
• very strong control of nobles
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Document Summary
1550-1650 time of internal and external conflict throughout europe. French wars of religion: civil war, particularly destructive to the development of the nation. Background: as a result of reformation france had a catholic monarchy, but a divided population between calvinists and catholics, both beliefs became highly militant, protestants led by the bourbons (henry of navarre, catholics led by the guise. Opposed by catholic monarch and rise of ultra-catholic party: ultra-catholics get support from pope and jesuits. Impacts: deepened hatred and divisions, prolonged the civil war, medici blamed, monarchy seen as on the catholic side. Theory of resistance: lawful to resist a monarchy acting in an unlawful manner: protestants, politiques: catholics who joined w/ protestants as a protest against the massacre, catholic league: collection of catholic towns that opposed. Protestantism: war of the three henry"s: king henry iii, henry guise & henry of.
