10:832:335 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Perinatal Mortality, Age Adjustment, Cumulative Incidence

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coffeegoat901

17 Feb 2017

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Epidemiology according to person, place, and time: homework, review. Proportion of the initial at-risk population that has the event during the specified time period: assumes equal observation for all subjects. Average risk of having the event (illness or death, for example) # new cases / population at risk: be careful with the denominator! Rate at which the event occurs over time in a population. # new cases / person-time at risk. Unit is time-1 (cid:894)(cid:862)per (cid:455)ear,(cid:863) for e(cid:454)a(cid:373)ple(cid:895) Useful when cumulative incidence assumptions cannot be met. Prevalence: proportion of a susceptible population that has a disease. In a period of time: represents the burden of disease. No subtracting from the denominator: prevalence = incidence x duration, direct age adjustment. For an observed population, the age adjusted rate is an estimate of what the incidence/mortality rate would be if it had the same age distribution as a standard population. In general, higher rates belong to older populations.

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do you agree or disagree and why? + source of the information:

A prevalence proportion differs from an incidence rate by specified cases and time period. A prevalence rate focuses on all kinds of existing cases while incidence rate focuses on new cases of disease. Incidence rate is calculated by dividing the number of new cases over a certain period of time by the population number that is at risk at that same time. The prevalence proportion can be calculated by the number of all existing illness and deaths at a specific time divided by the number of people in that population. There is also point prevalence, which the prevalence is measured at a certain point and period prevalence which measures prevalence over a period of time. To estimate the future risk of breast cancer among women aged 50-65, Incidence rate would be a better indicator since it focuses on the new cases and divides that number by the average population that is at risk at that certain time. It would be better at indicating the risk for women of that specific age group. When estimating the number of surgeons to treat breast cancer a prevalence proportion would be a better indicator. Because a prevalence proportion focuses on all cases and not just new cases, it can measure the ratio of how many surgeons will be needed to treat all people vs just new cases.

QUESTION 1 1. The relative importance or burden of a disease within a population will depend on a number of factors including : A. Disease frequency B. Disease severity C. Disease consequences D. All of the above

QUESTION 2 1 . With the epidemiologic transition, there is a reduction in malnutrition and _____ . A. Communicable diseases B. Injuries C. Non-communicable chronic diseases D. Mental health disorders

QUESTION 3 1. A major challenge to developing a burden of disease profile in low and middle-income countries relates to A. Unwillingness to share complete information B. Conflicting disease definitions C. Challenges obtaining information related to cause of death D. All of the above

QUESTION 4 1. The demographic transition describes which of the following changes to society A. Changes in birth and death rates that reflect a modern society B. Declines in mortality followed by a reduction in fertility C. A change in the age structure of the population D. All of the above

QUESTION 5 1. Measures of health status that combine mortality and morbidity data A. Facilitate comparisons both within and across populations B. Help estimate the quantitative health benefits from interventions C. Serve as tools to assist with resource allocation D. All of the above

QUESTION 6 1. The disability-adjusted life year is defined as A. A health gap population summary measure that combines time lost due to disability with that lost due to death B. A measure to compare the gap between the current situation to that of an ideal situation C. A measure that combines the amount of healthy life lost due to morbidity with that lost due to injury. D. Answers B and C

QUESTION 7 1. True or false? A key limitation to mortality-based indicators is that they fail to account for the morbidity caused by disease. True False

QUESTION 8 1. The most widely used composite measure of population health is the DALY, and this epidemiological measure is the sum of morbidity and ________data. A. Years of life lost (YLL) B. Morbidity C. Infant mortality rates (IMR) D. none of the above

QUESTION 9 1. What would be the best source of information on adult and infant mortality (in high income countries)? A. Disease registers B. Vital statistics C. Special survey study D. Hospital clinic statistics

QUESTION 10 1. Which term is best used to describe the proportion of people in a population who have a defined disease at a specific point of time? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 11 1. Which term is best used to describe new cases of disease occurring in a population? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 12 1. Which term is used to describe the absence or presence of illness or disease? A. Demography B. Morbidity C. Mortality D. Vitality

QUESTION 13 1. Mortality (death indicators) include: A. Mortality rate B. Infant mortality rate C. Neonatal morality rate D. All of the above

QUESTION 14 1. True or false? The value of life is often implicit in the way resource allocation decisions are made, which suggests that these decisions should be as explicit, open, and transparent as possible. True False

QUESTION 15 1. _________________is projected as the number one leading cause of disease burden in 2030. A. Ischemic heart disease B. Diabetes mellitus C. HIV/AIDS D. Unipolar depression

QUESTION 16 1. Some of the negative aspects of globalization include A. Greater insecurity of employment B. Poorer housing and sanitation due to rapid urbanization C. Greater vulnerability to environmental degradation D. All of the above

QUESTION 17 1. Current concerns about climate change focus on several developments including A. Rising global average land and sea surface temperature B. Increasing frequency of extreme weather conditions C. Both A and B D. None of the above

QUESTION 18 1. True or false? Diseases carried by mosquitoes are especially sensitive to meteorological conditions because they are vulnerable to changes in the ambient temperature. As a result of changing temperatures, infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue have decreased in incidence and geographic range. True False

QUESTION 19 1. True or false? International cooperation of infectious disease control has a long history that includes obligatory reporting of outbreaks of specific diseases. However, compliance with obligatory reporting has been poor due to economic consequences that have often accompanied notification of disease outbreaks. True False

QUESTION 20 1. True or false? Globalization is a relatively new phenomenon that began in the mid-20th century. True False

10:832:335 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Perinatal Mortality, Age Adjustment, Cumulative Incidence

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