01:960:211 Lecture 4: Micro Lecture Notes Ch.4

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aquamarinetiger679

19 May 2016

School

Rutgers University

Department

Statistics and Biostatistic

Course

01:960:211

Professor

professor Agre

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Document Summary

Competitive markets: market that involves so many buyers and sellers that no individual buyer or seller can influence the price. Quantity demanded: the amount of good or service or resource that people are willing and able to buy during a specified period at a specified price an amount per unit of time (ex. amount per day, month, etc) Law of demand: all other things remain the same . If the price of the good rises, the quantity demanded of the good decreases. If the price of the good falls, the quantity demanded of the good increases. Demand: the relationship between the quantity demanded and the price of a good when all other influences on buying plans remain the same. Demand schedule: a list of the quantities demanded at each different price when all other influences on buying plans remain the same.

Related Questions

1. The risk of acquiring disease is measured by the

a. Incidence rate

b. Incidence rate times the average duration of the disease

c. Incidence rate divided by the prevalence rate

d. Prevalence rate

e. Prevalence rate times the average duration of the disease

2. The strength of an association between a factor and a disease is best measure by .

a. Incubation rate

b. Incidence of the disease in the total population

c. Prevalence of the factor

d. Attributable risk

e. Relative risk

3. Case fatality rate for a given disease refers to

a. The crude mortality rate per 100,000 population

b. Cause-specific mortality rate due to the disease

c. A fatal outcome of any disease

d. The percentage of deaths among cases of the disease

e. The proportion of deaths due to the disease among all deaths from all causes

4. An investigator is interested in etiology of neonatal jaundice. To study this condition, he selected 100 children who were diagnosed with this condition and 100 children born in the same period and in the same hospital who did not have a diagnosis of neonatal jaundice. He then reviewed the obstetrical and delivery records of their mothers to determine various prenatal and perinatal exposures. This is an example of a(n):

a. Cross-sectional study

b. Case-control study

c. Cohort study

d. Clinical trial

e. Experiment

5. Which of the following statements describes the major advantages of a randomized clinical trial?

a. It avoids observer bias

b. It lends itself to ethical justification

c. It yields results replicable in other patients

d. It rules out self-selection of participants to the different treatment groups

d. It enrolls representative patients

a. Correct b.

Incorrect because of failure to distinguish between incidence and prevalence

c. Incorrect because a proportionate ratio is used when a rate is required to support the inference

d. Incorrect because a failure to recognize a possible cohort phenomenon

e. Incorrect because there is no control or comparison group.

7. An investigator determines the correlation coefficient between triglyceride levels and degree of atherosclerosis in sampled blood vessels to be +1.67. On the basis of this you would conclude that:

a. Triglyceride level is a good predictor of atherosclerosis

b. Triglyceride level is not a good predictor of atherosclerosis

c. High triglyceride levels cause atherosclerosis

d. Atherosclerosis cause high triglyceride levels

e. The investigator has incorrectly determined the correlation coefficient

a. The percent of all negative tests that have false-negative results is lower in population A than in population B.

b. Specificity is lower in population A than in population B.

c. Reliability is higher in population A than in population B.

d. The percent of all positive tests that have false-positive results is lower in population A than in population B.

e. Specificity is higher in population A than in population B.

9. Serum cholesterol levels are obtained for four healthy men. The probability that all will fall below the 10th percentile of the distribution of cholesterol for healthy males is:

a. 0.4

b. 1 â (0.1)4

c. (0.1)4

d. (0.9)4

e. Cannot be determined from these data

10. In a diabetes screening program, the screening level for a positive blood sugar level in test 1 is set at 160 mg/dl, and in test 2 at 130 mg/dl. The sensitivity is:

a. Greater in test 1

b. Greater in test 2

c. Equal in test 1 and 2

d. Dependent on the size of the population being evaluated

1. The risk of acquiring disease is measured by the a. Incidence rate b. Incidence rate times the average duration of the disease c. Incidence rate divided by the prevalence rate d. Prevalence rate e. Prevalence rate times the average duration of the disease

2. The strength of an association between a factor and a disease is best measure by a. Incubation rate b. Incidence of the disease in the total population c. Prevalence of the factor d. Attributable risk e. Relative risk

3. Case fatality rate for a given disease refers to a. The crude mortality rate per 100,000 population b. Cause-specific mortality rate due to the disease c. A fatal outcome of any disease d. The percentage of deaths among cases of the disease e. The proportion of deaths due to the disease among all deaths from all causes

5. Which of the following statements describes the major advantages of a randomized clinical trial? a. It avoids observer bias b. It lends itself to ethical justification c. It yields results replicable in other patients d. It rules out self-selection of participants to the different treatment groups d. It enrolls representative patients

6. A survey conducted in England revealed that of 224 families in which there had been a known case of poliomyelitis, 56 maintained parakeets as a family pet. In another British survey, 30 out of 99 poliomyelitis patients questioned kept parakeets. The inference that there is some relationship between the presence of a parakeet in a household and the occurrence of poliomyelitis among household members is a. Correct b. Incorrect because of failure to distinguish between incidence and prevalence c. Incorrect because a proportionate ratio is used when a rate is required to support the inference d. Incorrect because a failure to recognize a possible cohort phenomenon e. Incorrect because there is no control or comparison group.

7. An investigator determines the correlation coefficient between triglyceride levels and degree of atherosclerosis in sampled blood vessels to be +1.67. On the basis of this you would conclude that: a. Triglyceride level is a good predictor of atherosclerosis b. Triglyceride level is not a good predictor of atherosclerosis c. High triglyceride levels cause atherosclerosis d. Atherosclerosis cause high triglyceride levels e. The investigator has incorrectly determined the correlation coefficient

8. A screening test of known sensitivity and specificity is applied to two populations. The prevalence of the disease being screened for is 10% in population A and is 1% in population B. Which of the following is true? a. The percent of all negative tests that have false-negative results is lower in population A than in population B. b. Specificity is lower in population A than in population B. c. Reliability is higher in population A than in population B. d. The percent of all positive tests that have false-positive results is lower in population A than in population B. e. Specificity is higher in population A than in population B.

9. Serum cholesterol levels are obtained for four healthy men. The probability that all will fall below the 10th percentile of the distribution of cholesterol for healthy males is: a. 0.4 b. 1 â (0.1)4 c. (0.1)4 d. (0.9)4 e. Cannot be determined from these data

10. In a diabetes screening program, the screening level for a positive blood sugar level in test 1 is set at 160 mg/dl, and in test 2 at 130 mg/dl. The sensitivity is: a. Greater in test 1 b. Greater in test 2 c. Equal in test 1 and 2 d. Dependent on the size of the population being evaluated

Part II 1.The California Occupational Mortality study data set was employed to assess mortality data for the years 1979-1981. A 2% sample of employed persons from the 1980 census of California was used. It contains the occupation of each person who had died. This study, like any occupation-based study, is restricted to the work life span as far as age of subjects is concerned. This study used ages 16-64 years. Certain persons, because of their source of work, were excluded as subjects: homemakers, retired persons, students, disabled, military personnel, etc. Only main-stream-type employment was used in this study to establish occupations at risk for heavy alcohol drinking. Using the Table below, answer the following:

1.What occupations are most vulnerable to acquiring cirrhosis of the liver from heavy drinking?

2.List several of the occupations identified by the research studies that are more vulnerable to alcohol-induced, cirrhosis related deaths and that have the highest mortality rates.

3. What are possible confounding variables for the research in occupations and heavy drinking that lead to fatal diseases?

4. Based on available research data, develop and construct a web of causation along with the appropriate decision trees for occupational group-related alcohol deaths. Table. Alcohol Related Deaths in California, 1979-1981 Cirrhosis 5.5% Digestive organ cancers 5.7% Injuries 13.7% Suicide and homicide 5.% All other causes 64.9%

Zika and microcephaly Since May 2015, Brazil has experienced a significant outbreak of Zika virus. In recent years, Brazilian officials reported an increase in the number of babies born with microcephaly.

1. Briefly describe what we know and what we do not know about Zika virus.

2. What has been done and what should be done to prevent Zika virus epidemic in US and world-wide?

yeast population dynamics

Procedure

1. Work in pairs on this lab, so 12 tubes per pair of students. And share a tube rack with one other pair of students

2. Turn on your spectrophotometer. It needs at least 15 minutes to warm up to give you good readings.

3. Add 5 mL of yeast extract solution (YECM) to each of 12 tubes. (The yeast extract provides vitamins and amino acids for yeast growth and will be the same for all cultures). The tubes should be labeled with your initials, treatment, and tube number. Tape or Parafilm down the lids of 3 tubes, and label them âCONTROLâ.

Do not touch the insides of the tubes or lids! Try to keep these as sterile as possible!!

4. Add 50 mL live yeast culture to each of the remaining 9 tubes.

5. Add the varying volumes of sugar and/or ethanol using Table 1 below.

6. Use Parafilm to close the tops of each tube, making sure the Parafilm is tight and no air can get in, and label each tube with the following:

Amount of sugar added (mL) Amount of ethanol added (mL)

Name of your group Tube number

Table 1: setup yeast tubes (remember, 1 mL = 1000 mL)
Tube number	Yeast culture medium? (5 mL)	Live yeast culture? (50 mL)	Sugar added (mL)	Ethanol added (mL)
1 â control	YES	NO	0	0
2 â control	YES	NO	0	0
3 - control	YES	NO	0	0
4	YES	YES	0	0
5	YES	YES	0.25	0
6	YES	YES	0.5	0
7	YES	YES	0	0.25
8	YES	YES	0.25	0.25
9	YES	YES	0.5	0.25
10	YES	YES	0	0.5
11	YES	YES	0.25	0.5
12	YES	YES	0.5	0.5

Procedure for measuring absorbance (in absorbance units, or AU)

7. Calibrate the spectrophotometer:

Turn on the spectrophotometer and let it warm up for 15 minutes. You will get erroneous results if you donât let it warm up first.

Be sure the spectrophotometer is set to read at the wavelength of 550 nm

With no tube in the spectrophotometer and the lid closed, use the left-hand knob to adjust the reading to 0% Transmittance/push zero button to calibrate

Insert a CONTROL tube (making sure it is clear, without bacterial contamination which would make it cloudy), and use the right-hand knob to readjust the spectrophotometer to 100% Transmittance.

When reading the absorbance, be sure to line up the needle on the spec with its reflection.

8. Immediately before reading any tube, vortex the tube so that the spinning column reaches the bottom of the tube for several seconds. This is critical! The yeast cells are heavy and will tend to sink to the bottom of the tube, so you must vortex the tubes to resuspend them: otherwise, your spectrophotometer readings will be erroneously low. If the vortex is not enough to suspend the pellet of yeast cells at the base of the tube, take a piece of Parafilm and cover the top of the tube, then cover this with your thumb and shake the tube vigorously. The pellet should dislodge and the yeast cells should be easily resuspended after doing this. Use a Kimwipe to wipe down the outside of each tube, to remove fingerprints and other smudges that could affect the absorbance reading. (COULD BE A POTENTIAL ERROR)

9. Record the absorbance (in absorbance units, AU) for the tube on your data sheet.

10. Repeat steps 5 and 6 for every tube.

11. Leave the spectrophotometer turned on for the next user.

Figures you should include are:

Average absorbance vs. time for the no ethanol (0 mL) treatment

Average absorbance vs. time for the 0.25 mL ethanol treatment

Average absorbance vs. time for the 0.50 mL ethanol treatment

Sugar added vs. average carrying capacity (K). Use different symbols to denote each of the three alcohol concentrations

A. After a limit, the increasing concentration of sugar decreases the carrying capacity and growth rate. This is because at higher sugar concentrations, the medium becomes hypertonic and the yeast cells loss water towards the medium.With increasing concentration of the ethanol, the carrying capacity and the growth rate decreases. Why does this happen?

B. Is there any interaction between the effects of adding sugar and alcohol on yeast?

C. why do some cultures not reach K?

D. What are the potential sources of error and assumptions made in this experiment?

E. What do these results mean in a more general (non-yeast) context?

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01:960:211 Lecture 4: Micro Lecture Notes Ch.4

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