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BIO 212 Lecture Notes - Summer 2018 Lecture 5 - Estriol, Follicular phase, Oogenesis

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School
Saint Vincent College
Department
Biology
Course
BIO 212
Professor
Dr Retna

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Document Summary

Summary of reproductive physiology: genetic sex is determined by the sex chromosomes, either xx or xy. Gonadal sex is defined by the presence of testes or ovaries. Phenotypic sex is determined by the hormonal output of the gonads: puberty in males and females is initiated by the pulsatile secretion of gnrh, which drives the pulsatile secretion of. Pulsatile secretion of fsh and lh drives the testes and ovaries to secrete their respective sex steroid hormones (testosterone, and progesterone and estrogen): in males, the testes are responsible for spermatogenesis and secretion of testosterone. Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol by the leydig cells. In some target tissues, testosterone must be converted to dihydrotestosterone by the action of 5 -reductase. Progesterone and 17 -estradiol are synthesized from cholesterol by theca and granulosa cells, respectively. Theca cells synthesize progesterone and testosterone, and granulosa cells convert testosterone to.

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Related Questions

From the list below, select all statements accurate with respectto hormonal regulation of steroid hormone production in males andfemales.

Question 9 options:

A)

hypothalamic secretion of GnRH stimulates LH and FSH secretionin the anterior pituitary
B)

FSH secretion in the anterior pituitary stimulates testosteronesecretion in theca cells and Leydig cells
C)

FSH secretion in the anterior pituitary stimulates inhibinsecretion by granulosa cells and Sertoli cells of the ovary andtestis, respectively
D)

LH secretion stimulates testosterone secretion in both ovariangranulosa and theca cells
E)

LH secretion stimulates testosterone secretion in Leydig andtheca cells of the testes and ovaries, respectively
F)

inhibin feeds back to turn down both LH and FSH secretion in theanterior pituitary
G)

inhibin feeds back to selectively suppress LH secretion in theanterior pituitary without changing FSH secretion
H)

inhibin feeds back to selectively suppress FSH secretion in theanterior piutitary without changing LH secretion
I)

testosterone secretion in males always feeds back to inhibitGnRH secretion from the hypothalamus
J)

testosterone secretion in males always feeds back to inhibitanterior pituitary responsiveness to GnRH
K)

progesterone in high concentration has an inhibitory effect onGnRH secretion in the hypothalamus
L)

similar to testosterone's effect in males, estrogen in femalesalways feeds back to inhibit GnRH secretion from thehypothalamus
M)

when estrogen levels in females are low, estrogen feeds back atthe hypothalamus to inihibit GnRH secretion from the hypothalamussimilar to testosterone's effects in males
N)

when estrogen levels in females are high and unaccompanied byhigh progesterone levels, estrogen is stimulatory, rather thaninhibitory to GnRH secretion in the hypothalamus
O)

if estrogen levels in females are high but are accompanied byhigh progesterone levels, the powerful inhibitory effects ofprogesterone override the stimulatory effects of estrogen andsuppress GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus
1) Which of the following is a component of a vertebrate kidney? (Select all correct choices.)
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
renal tubules
collecting ducts
Malphigian tubules

2)

In organisms, the ability to control osmosis depends on the properties of the plasma membranes of individual cells. Based on their ability to permit the free movement of water and some solutes, these membranes are best described as: (select all correct choices)
impermeable.
permeable.
semipermeable.
diffusible.
impervious.

3)I selected cortex; inner medulla, it was wrong.

The loops of Henle create a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop, with the concentration highest in the ____________ and lowest in the ____________ of the kidney.
inner medulla; cortex
outer medulla; inner medulla
outer medulla; cortex
cortex; inner medulla
cortex; outer medulla

4)

The main solutes in the filtrate as it enters the distal convoluted tubule are: (select all correct choices)
urea.
electrolytes.
other wastes.
amino acids.
nucleotides.

5) Ensure all correct choices are selected, for this question I only selected osmosis and it was wrong,

Water moves by: (select all correct choices)
random molecular motion.
active transport.
passive transport.
osmosis.
facilitated diffusion

6)

Compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction: (select all correct choices)
requires less investment in attracting mates.
allows much more rapid population growth.
is rarely found as the sole mechanism of reproduction.
results in the production of genetically identical cells or individuals.
involves meiosis and fertilization as core processes.

7)

A key difference between hormonal regulation of the reproductive systems of males and females is that:
LH and FSH are released only in females.
LH and FSH are released only in males.
LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuously in males.
LH is released in males and FSH is released in females.
LH is released continuously in males and FSH is released cyclically in females.

8)

True or false: In response to LH and FSH, ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.
true
false

9)

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, if the oocyte is not fertilized, a number of events occur which are listed below. Select the answer that places the events in the correct chronological order.

Events:
1. the lining of the uterus is shed
2. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
3. follicle cells are converted to the corpus luteum
4. the corpus luteum degenerates
5. estrogen and progesterone levels fall
3, 2, 4, 5, 1
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2, 4, 3, 1, 5
4, 3, 2, 1, 5
5, 2, 3, 4, 1

10)

If an antibody is missing its Fc fragment, what would happen if this antibody encounters its target antigen in the bloodstream? Select all correct choices.
The antibody would be able to bind the antigen at a specific epitope.
The antibody would be able to bind the antigen, but not at an epitope site.
The antibody would not be able to bind to the antigen.
The antibody would be able to activate components of the complement system.
The antibody would not be able to activate components of the complement system.

11)

If an individual carries a mutation that results in a complete lack of MHC class I proteins, how would the individual’s immune response be affected? Select all correct choices.
Memory cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.
Cytotoxic T cells would not be able to target (and destroy) infected cells.
Helper T cells would not be able to interact with antigen-presenting cells.
Plasma cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.

12)

Which of the following statements is true regarding T cell receptors? Select all correct choices.
They recognize antigen-MHC complexes.
They contain variable and constant regions.
They are composed of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains.
They are formed by the rearrangement of V, J, C, and D gene segments.
They can be found in the bloodstream independent of T cells.

Please briefly explain reasoning for all questions.

1)

Which of the following is a component of a vertebrate kidney? (Select all correct choices.)
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
renal tubules
collecting ducts
Malphigian tubules

2)

In organisms, the ability to control osmosis depends on the properties of the plasma membranes of individual cells. Based on their ability to permit the free movement of water and some solutes, these membranes are best described as: (select all correct choices)
impermeable.
permeable.
semipermeable.
diffusible.
impervious.

3)

True or false: The inner cell mass of the blastocyst becomes the embryo, while the outer cell layer of the blastocyst forms part of the placenta.
true
false

4)

Which of the following accurately characterizes the early cleavage divisions in most animals, although not necessarily in mammals?
They do not involve an increase in the size of the zygote.
They are directed by the zygote’s genome.
They are relatively slow.
They do not occur at the same time, so at any given moment the zygote may have an odd number of cells.
All of these choices are correct.

5)

A key difference between hormonal regulation of the reproductive systems of males and females is that:
LH and FSH are released only in females.
LH and FSH are released only in males.
LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuously in males.
LH is released in males and FSH is released in females.
LH is released continuously in males and FSH is released cyclically in females.

6)

Compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction: (select all correct choices)
requires less investment in attracting mates.
allows much more rapid population growth.
is rarely found as the sole mechanism of reproduction.
results in the production of genetically identical cells or individuals.
involves meiosis and fertilization as core processes.

7)

True or false: In response to LH and FSH, ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.
true
false

8)

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, if the oocyte is not fertilized, a number of events occur which are listed below. Select the answer that places the events in the correct chronological order.

Events:
1. the lining of the uterus is shed
2. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
3. follicle cells are converted to the corpus luteum
4. the corpus luteum degenerates
5. estrogen and progesterone levels fall

3, 2, 4, 5, 1

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

2, 4, 3, 1, 5

4, 3, 2, 1, 5
5, 2, 3, 4, 1

9)

If an antibody is missing its Fc fragment, what would happen if this antibody encounters its target antigen in the bloodstream? Select all correct choices.
The antibody would be able to bind the antigen at a specific epitope.
The antibody would be able to bind the antigen, but not at an epitope site.
The antibody would not be able to bind to the antigen.
The antibody would be able to activate components of the complement system.
The antibody would not be able to activate components of the complement system.

10)

If an individual carries a mutation that results in a complete lack of MHC class I proteins, how would the individual’s immune response be affected? Select all correct choices.
Memory cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.
Cytotoxic T cells would not be able to target (and destroy) infected cells.
Helper T cells would not be able to interact with antigen-presenting cells.
Plasma cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.

11)

If an individual carries a mutation that results in a complete lack of MHC class I proteins, how would the individual’s immune response be affected? Select all correct choices.
Memory cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.
Cytotoxic T cells would not be able to target (and destroy) infected cells.
Helper T cells would not be able to interact with antigen-presenting cells.
Plasma cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.

12)

Which of the following statements is true regarding T cell receptors? Select all correct choices.
They recognize antigen-MHC complexes.
They contain variable and constant regions.
They are composed of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains.
They are formed by the rearrangement of V, J, C, and D gene segments.
They can be found in the bloodstream independent of T cells.