OCEAN 320 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Geochemistry, Euphausia Pacifica, Ambidensovirus

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26 Jun 2018
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Unit 5A
Introduction
Ocean born storms can impact flooding and erosion rates in California
El Nino and La Nina cycles play a role in California weather
The ocean and land systems are interconnected
Heat of the ocean is a powerful force with wide ranging impacts
Big climate excursions in past involved ocean temperature changes
Changes in ocean heat distribution can force ecosystem changes
1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill
Spill lasted a week and a half, estimated 21,000 gallons (in initial spill)
After capped, it opened up other undersea faults, so oil and gas kept seeping in the whole
year (one was leaking for 12 days)
In total: 4.2 million gallons estimated (NOAA)
4 months later: Nixon establishes environmental council in Cabinet
o1970: Nixon establishes Environmental Protection Agency
oFirst Earth Day is celebrated
Most Weather is Ocean Weather
Ocean-atmosphere system has patterns and cycles
Patterns of heat flow dictate strength and pattern of storms
Ocean heat content plays key role in jet stream and development of Rossby waves
December 2016: atmospheric waves take warm air to north pole, which warms it; at same
time, other side of Rossby waves (southward currents) push “polar express” cold air back
to US
oWith larger Rossby waves, atmospheric rivers of tropical moisture can travel to
higher latitudes and bring down cold air masses farther to the south
oExpect a cycle of extremes in temperature (warm and cold) and more intense
storms/precipitation
oRossby “jet stream” wave” radically different air masses (cold-dry and warm-
humid) come together in swirls of waves to form mid-latitude cyclones
oCyclones: larger and occasionally more destructive than hurricanes; are the source
of giant ocean swells
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oIn tropical zones: ocean heat energy feeds tropical storms; can become
hurricanes/typhoons in summer (form in subtropical ocean with NO JET
STREAM); can self-reinforce, grow larger, and control atmosphere; help disperse
energy that build up in tropics
2017: series of storms involved in atmospheric river of air hit California which had been
riding jet stream river from low latitudes near Indian ocean and Himalayas
oAs planet warms up, these rivers of heat and moisture could be increasing as
Earth tries to equalize temperatures
oCould be causing the increased amplitude of Rossby waves
oSlower moving jet stream meanders more which can juxtapose cold and warm-
humid air together, greating energetic storm systems
Wet Winters
Since 1950 there have been 17 years where it rained 20” or more in LA; 25% of time, LA
will get 5 inches more than its long-term average
o24 years in last 67 when LA received 5” below average; dry winters 35% of time
oClose to normal season will occur 40% of time
oAll noticeable and caused by El Nino
Ecosystem Changes
Spring of 2005: brought El Nino-like changes in weather to Ventura Channel and
decrease in northwest winds along coast (play key factor in deep water upwelling)
Water driven by winds moves to right of wind direction in northern hemisphere;
(animation) northerly winds along CA coast have effect of pushing water away from land
Ecosystems and Ocean Currents
Biologically-focused forecast system requires understanding of ocean-atmospheric
physical system and diverse organism-level, population-level, nd geochemical responses
that lead to altered ecosystem states
Most sophisticated ENSO-forecasting efforts use global ocean-atmosphere climate
models that detect/predict seasonal climate for other regions, including CA Current
System (CCS)
oBUT, restricted to physical dynamics of ENSO, rather than biotic and
biogeochemical consequences
El Nino affects organisms/ocean chemistry with both local and advective processes
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Document Summary

Ocean born storms can impact flooding and erosion rates in california. El nino and la nina cycles play a role in california weather. The ocean and land systems are interconnected. Heat of the ocean is a powerful force with wide ranging impacts. Big climate excursions in past involved ocean temperature changes. Changes in ocean heat distribution can force ecosystem changes. Spill lasted a week and a half, estimated 21,000 gallons (in initial spill) After capped, it opened up other undersea faults, so oil and gas kept seeping in the whole year (one was leaking for 12 days) 4 months later: nixon establishes environmental council in cabinet: 1970: nixon establishes environmental protection agency, first earth day is celebrated. Patterns of heat flow dictate strength and pattern of storms. Ocean heat content plays key role in jet stream and development of rossby waves. Stream); can self-reinforce, grow larger, and control atmosphere; help disperse energy that build up in tropics.

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