BIOL 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Trichinella, Intestinal Parasite Infection, Taenia Solium
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Unit 2 Notes
Plant Kingdom, Animal Kingdom
June 29, 2017
• Plant Kingdom
o Multicellular
o Eukaryotic
o Autotrophic
o ~ 300,000 species
o Began to transition to land about 425 MYA
o Photosynthesis drives life on earth
▪ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
▪ Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
o Botany- Greek for “plants” but derived from a verb “to feed”
o Plant roles
▪ Food
▪ Clothing fiber
▪ Wood
▪ Paper
▪ Spices
▪ Drugs
▪ Oxygen
▪ Aesthetics
o Transgenic plants- genetically engineered
▪ Have created entirely new functions for plants
▪ Examples
• Disease resistant strains
• Production of vaccine and other molecules
• Resistance to freezing
• Tolerance of high salt soil
• Production of higher levels of vitamins and nutrients
o General characteristics and evolution
▪ Chloroplasts
• Chlorophyll A, B
• Other yellow and orange pigments
• To help capture sun’s energy
• Modern land plants seem to have evolved from green algae—have same
pigments
▪ Plant cell walls composed of cellulose
▪ Plants store carbs as starch
▪ Nearly all reproduce sexually
▪ Alternation of generation
• Gametophyte stage
o Haploid
o Gamete producing
• Sporophyte stage
o Diploid
o Spore producing
• Bryophytes
o Have a large, obvious gametophyte stage
o Other plants have a larger sporophyte stage and gametophyte
stage has been reduced
▪ 4 major adaptations
• Evolution of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
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• Spore production as means of reproduction
o Diversification of vascular plants, ~ 400 MYA
• Origin of seed producing plants, 360 MYA
• Evolution of flowering plants, 130 MYA
o Basic vocabulary
▪ Vascular tissue- plant tissues that consist of cells that transport water and
nutrients throughout the plant body
• Xylem- vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to
the rest of the plant
• Phloem- vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic nutrients (sap)
throughout the plant
▪ Gametophyte- multicellular, haploid state of the life cycle that produces haploid
gametes that fuse to form the diploid sporophyte
▪ Sporophyte- multicellular, diploid stage of the life cycle that produces haploid
gametes that become the gametophyte (through meiosis)
Major Plant
Group
Examples
Vascular
Tissue?
Sporophyte or
Gametophyte?
Reproduction
Fertilization
Method
Seed/Spore
Dispersal
Bryophytes
(Mosses)
Mosses,
liverworts,
hornworts
Nonvascular
Gametophyte
dominant
Spores
Water
Water/wind
Spores
Ferns
Ferns,
psilotum
(whisk
fern),
lycopodium,
equisetum
(horsetails)
Vascular
Sporophyte
dominant
Spores
Water
Water/ wind
Spores
Gymnosperms
Conifers,
gingko,
cycads
Vascular
Sporophyte
dominant
Seeds
Wind
Pollination
Wind
Seeds
Angiosperms
Flowering
plants,
grasses,
hardwoods
Vascular
Sporophyte
dominant
Seeds
Wind,
Animals
Flowers
Wind,
Animals
Fruits
Seeds
• Relatives of the 4 Major Plant Groups
o Nonvascular plants
▪ Division bryophyta (true mosses)
• Liverworts- diminutive plants with lobed bodies
o Life cycle similar to mosses
o Can reproduce asexually by gemmae (dispersed when rain falls
into their protective cups)
• Hornworts- resemble liverworts but have horn-shaped sporophyte stage
• Mosses
o Peat moss
o Bod people
• Characteristics
o Non-vascular
o Waxy cuticle on their leaf-like structures
o Gametangia
▪ Antheridium (male)
▪ Archegonium (female)
• Egg is fertilized and protected within the
archegonium and the sporophyte (diploid stage)
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grows out of body of gametophyte (haploid
stage)
▪ Where the gametes develop
o Absorb water by diffusion and capillary action
▪ Limited to shady, moist habitats
▪ Limited to small body size
• Structure
o Gametophyte stage (green and leafy)
▪ Rhizoid
▪ Antheridia
▪ Archogonia
o Sporophyte stage (spore-producing sporangium)
▪ Sporangium (capsule)
▪ Seta
▪ Foot
o Vascular plants
▪ Ferns
• Characteristics
o Large sporophyte stage
o Widely distributed in tropics and temperate regions
o Fronds have sori (clusters of spores) on the underside
o Many fronds grow from underground horizontal stem (rhizome)
• Relatives
o Whiskferns
▪ Lack true roots and leaves
▪ Genus psilotum
▪ Have rhizomes
▪ Body plant is similar to earliest vascular plants
o Club mosses (ground pines)
▪ Genus lycopodium and sellaginella
▪ Borne on sporophylls (fern leaves specialized fro
reproduction)
▪ Gametophyte stage is inconspicuous and develops
underground
o Horsetails
▪ Genus equisetum
• Formerly called scouring rush
• Glassy texture made them useful for scrubbing
pots and pans
▪ Large sporophyte stage
▪ Silica in epidermal cells
• Gives glassy texture
▪ Gametophyte stage is small
• Photosynthetic
• Free-living
• Importance of ferns
o Coal
o Global warming
▪ Gymnosperms
• Conifers
o Examples
▪ Pines (lumber and pulp)
• Bristlecone pine is oldest organism alive (4600
YO)
▪ Spruce
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