CSE 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Von Neumann Architecture, Advanced Micro Devices, Stored-Program Computer
9 Jun 2018
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Pascal's calculator and other similar devices of that time were not programmable. One of the first
programmable devices in history was a loom
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Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom (1804) could be programmed by feeding in a set of punched cards
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This is not all that different from quitting a program that's running on your computer and starting
another one
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Another leap forward came in the 19th century with Charles Babbage's design of the Analytical
Engine, a mechanical, programmable computer. It was never built in Babbage's time due to a lack
of manufacturing capabilities (ahead of his time)
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The design called for punched cards to be fed into the machine to program it to perform
mathematical calculations
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Output would go to a printer or punched cards
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It must be electronic and not exclusively mechanical
1.
It must be digital, not analog. This means that it uses discrete values (digits) and not a
continuous range of values to represent data (contrast a digital thermometer with an
alcohol-based or mercury-based one)
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It must employ the stored-program concept: the device can be reprogrammed by changing
the instructions stored in the memory of the computer
3.
A modern computer has three basic requirements:
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The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) of the 1940s was among the first
computers to employ the stored-program concept
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Input devices
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Output devices
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Memory - for data storage, both temporary & permanent
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Processor - for doing computations
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Note that a modern computer has four major kinds of components:
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Again, the stored-program concept is the idea that programs (software) along with their data are
stored (saved) in the memory of a computer
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We're not talking about storing data on hard drives, flash drives, or CDs -- we're talking about the
main memory of the computer, sometimes called the RAM (random access memory)
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A modern processor reads the machine instructions stored as ones and zeroes in the main
memory and then executes those instructions in sequence
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The key point here is that these instructions can be changed to easily reprogram the computer to
do new tasks
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Programmable Devices
Over time, a variety of devices was used to represent the digits and to control the operation of
computing machines. In the 1940s, Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented the transistor, which
is an electronic switch with no moving parts
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In the 1950s and 1960s, Kilby, Noyce, and others used transistors to develop integrated circuits.
They devised a way to manufacture thousands -- later, millions and billions- of transistors on a
single wafer of silicon
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A single chip contains an integrated circuit, a ceramic or plastic case, and external pins to attach it
to the circuit board
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Noyce and businessman Gordon Moore commercialized this technology by co-founding Intel
Corporation in 1968. As manufacturing technologies improved in the 1950s and 1960s, engineers
were able to pack many more transistors per unit area on silicon wafers
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Moore’s law: Moore observed that the number of components within an integrated circuit was
doubling every 18 months, a trend which has continued pretty steadily since then
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Transistors
Unit 1 - What is Computational Thinking?
Wednesday, June 6, 2018
3:58 PM
CSE 101 Page 1
Document Summary
Pascal"s calculator and other similar devices of that time were not programmable. One of the first programmable devices in history was a loom. Joseph marie jacquard"s loom (1804) could be programmed by feeding in a set of punched cards. This is not all that different from quitting a program that"s running on your computer and starting another one. Another leap forward came in the 19th century with charles babbage"s design of the analytical. It was never built in babbage"s time due to a lack of manufacturing capabilities (ahead of his time) The design called for punched cards to be fed into the machine to program it to perform mathematical calculations. Output would go to a printer or punched cards. It must be electronic and not exclusively mechanical. This means that it uses discrete values (digits) and not a continuous range of values to represent data (contrast a digital thermometer with an alcohol-based or mercury-based one)
