PSY 335 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Gummy Bear, Albert Bandura, Systematic Desensitization
Social Development
Psychoanalytic Theories
Feud’s theory of psychosexual developement
Levels of Awareness:
● Conscious
● Preconscious
● Unconscious
Personality Structures
● ID
○ Pleasure principle
● EGO
○ Reality principle
● SUPEREGO
○ Moral conscience
Why we develope defenses…
Conflicts → Anxiety → Defense → mechanisms
Stages of Psychosexual Developement
Psychic energy becomes focused in different erogenous zones during each stage
● Conflict
● Resolve or “fixated”
First Stage: oral
● 1st year of life
● Primary source: oral activity
● Oral fixation → adulthood
Second Stage: Anal
● 1-3 years
● Primary source: defecation
● Anal fixation ⇒ Adulthood
Third stage: Phallic
● 3-6 yrs
● Primary source: own genitalia
● Identification w same sex parent
Fourth Stage: Latency
● 6-12 years
● Primary source: socially acceptable activities
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Fifth stage: Genital Stage
● Begins in adolesence
● Primary source: sex with opposite-sex peers
Freud’s Theory in sum…
Healthy:
Progress through stages
Unhealthy:
Unment needs, unresolved conflicts
The good…
The unconscious
The role of internal conflict
The importance of early childhood
The bad…
Poor testability
Inadequate empirical base
Sexist, homophobic views
Learning Theories
A different view…
● External factors shape development
○ Discontinuous
● Same learning principles for all
○ Influence behavior throughout child’s life, continuous
○ Everyone should turn out the same? No. every individual has a different kind of
learning environment
● BUT, everyone will be different
Behaviorism (revisited)
● John Watson (conditioning albert to be afraid of a white rat, white bunny or anything
white. Then tried to desensitize and give him a favorite snack that’s white and it worked)
● Children’s development determined by social environment
○ Classical conditioning
Isnt behaviorism too simplistic?
● Yes, but it still has lasting impact
○ Systematic desensitization; it works really well if youve got some kind of anxiety
or fears/phobias on a concrete object. Picture of a snake → snake gummy bear →
video of a snake → garden snake → eventually hold a snake → hold it around
neck
Operant conditioning
Continuous reinforcement- everytime you do behavior you get a reinforcement
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● Intermittent reinforcement - dont get reinforced everytime you fo a behavior; sometimes
you dont or you do. Like gambling.
● Behavior modification- ideally if you’re trying to shape a child’s behavior, be as
consistent as possible like pro social learning.
Social Learning (revisited)
● Albert Bandura “monkey see, monkey do”
● Observational learning
● Vicarious reinforcement
● Be clear of what is reinforcement and what is punishment
● Bobo doll experiment
○ Kids watch agressive behavior modeled by parents
○ Asked kids to do these behaviours and offered them snakcs
○ In one condition watched, seeing someone else punished they are less likely to
do same. (vicarious)
○ Second, they see doll punished with incentives (postive reinforcement for
agressive bahvior, they will do them.) Gender difference ( boys were more likely
to reproduce those agressive behaviors girls werent as likely as guys)
○ Third, no punishment
○ Dont reinforce third graders for aggression
● More emphasis on cognitive aspects
○ Reciprocal determinism- by-directional enviroment, characteristic of the child may
lead them to think a certain way and then environment reacts and treats them
accordingly.
○ Percieved self-efficacy- hallmark ideas of bandura; confidence in ability to reach
a certain goal and it can be for a number of things. “How confident are you to
believe you can graduate soon?”
○ Know and understand what’s happening
○ Paying attention to a behavior, storing it, encoding it and then producing
enviroment
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Psychic energy becomes focused in different erogenous zones during each stage. No. every individual has a different kind of learning environment. John watson (conditioning albert to be afraid of a white rat, white bunny or anything white. Then tried to desensitize and give him a favorite snack that"s white and it worked) Yes, but it still has lasting impact. Systematic desensitization; it works really well if youve got some kind of anxiety or fears/phobias on a concrete object. Picture of a snake snake gummy bear video of a snake garden snake eventually hold a snake hold it around neck. Continuous reinforcement- everytime you do behavior you get a reinforcement. Intermittent reinforcement - dont get reinforced everytime you fo a behavior; sometimes you dont or you do. Behavior modification- ideally if you"re trying to shape a child"s behavior, be as consistent as possible like pro social learning. Be clear of what is reinforcement and what is punishment.
