BIOL 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Golgi Apparatus, Nuclear Pore, Ribosome

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rosemanatee282

30 Sep 2017

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Protein synthesis: a good example of the division of labour is in protein synthesis, the instructions to create a particular protein are found in a gene in the dna of a cell. So as to prevent damage to the dna, when a protein is required to be synthesised, a copy of that particular gene is encoded onto an mrna (messenger rna) molecule. The molecule then leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore: the mrna molecule then travels to a ribosome, which may be located on the rough. There the sequence of amino acids is read and the instructions are translated to a polypeptide chain: the next stage is called post translational modification. This is where the polypeptide chain is modified to create the final protein, for example, by adding prosthetic groups. In the final stage of protein synthesis, the newly created protein is transported around the cell, again in vesicles.

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Some cells in plant and animals are specialized for the production and release of a particular chemical, often a protein or some other regulatory molecule. These cells generally produce and release their product only when the proper signal is present. Describe the series of events in this cell that would lead from the perception of this signal to the release of the desired product. Begin by providing specific information on: 1) the transduction of the signal across the membrane by the G protein system with subsequent release of the appropriate second messenger(s); 2) the process by which the signal is amplified by the MAP kinase pathway; 3) how the product(s) produced by the MAP kinase cascade reach the nucleus to initiate the transcription of the relevant gene(s).

Assume now that transcription has already occurred, that a mature mRNA has been produced in the nucleus and has migrated to the cytosol, and that this mRNA has been recruited by a ribosome to initiate translation. Since the protein product is secretory, synthesis of the protein will be associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Continue by providing information on 4) how the free ribosome becomes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum to allow for the release of the synthesized protein into the rough ER; 5) the modification or processing of the protein that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum; 6) the packaging and/or modification of the protein for transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus; 7) the modification, processing, and packaging of the protein in the Golgi apparatus; and 8) the steps leading to the eventual release of the target protein from the cell via exocytosis.

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1.Which of the following scenarios correctly describe a major role of plasma membrane proteins?(SELECT ANY TRUE STATEMENTS.)

A protein that helps store DNA in the nucleus

A protein traveling in the bloodstream to act as a hormone

A protein that helps transports water soluble molecules through the cell membrane

A protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide (gases) though the cell membrane

2.A couple decides to have a baby. The woman elects to have an amniocentesis performed. The genetic counselor determines the baby has two copies of the Sickle cell gene and will therefore suffer from Sickle Cell Anemia. What is a gene?

A strand of RNA that codes for a particular polypeptide sequence

A noncoding segment of DNA

A three-base triplet that specifies a specific amino acid

A segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

3. You decide to eat raw chicken. A white blood cell (macrophage) phagocytizes a bacterium (e.g. Salmonella) in your body, saving your life for a short period of time. Once the bacterium is taken into the white blood cell, what organelle digests the solid material?

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus

Golgi apparatus

Nucleolus

Peroxisome

Ribosome

Lysosome

4. A mature brain cell (neuron) is metabolically active and functional. It is likely in:

Anaphase

Telophase

Metaphase

Interphase

Prophase

Cytokinesis

1.Place the following in order from largest to smallest:

1. nitrogenous base

2. chromosome

3. nucleus

4. gene

5. nucleotide

2.Plasmids used for recombinant DNA work typically contain a gene for resistance to some type of antibiotic. The reason for this:

a.Helps you select out bacterial cells that have taken up the plasmid by

incubating them in the presence of the antibiotic

b.Helps make sure your culture doesnât get contaminated with viruses or fungi

c.Helps protect biotechnology lab workers from becoming infected with the bacteria

d.Helps make new types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that will causewidespread disease and give the biotechnology industry new drugs to manufacture

3.Put these events in the correct sequence:

1-translation

2-mRNA splicing

3-transcription

4.A human protein product requires modifications in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Which of the following is true?

a.Bacteria will be able to produce this product, since they contain an endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.

b.Bacteria will not be able to produce this product properly, because they lack an endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.

c.This product should be produced in a virus, which is the least expensiveeukaryote that can be grown.

d.No cell type can produce this protein, so the company needs to move on to a different product.

BIOL 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Golgi Apparatus, Nuclear Pore, Ribosome

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