PBHL 3101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Odds Ratio, Relative Risk, Protective Factor

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6 Mar 2017

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A= exposure is present and disease is present. B= exposure is present and disease is absent. C= exposure is absent and disease is present. D= exposure is absent and disease is absent. Case control studies use odds ratios to measure association between frequency of exposure and frequency of outcome used in case control studies. The or is called an indirect measure of risk because incidence rates have not been used. Instead the risk of an outcome associated with an exposure is estimated by calculating the odds of exposure among the cases and controls. Cells that contain a and c are the cases. Cells that contain b and d are the controls. The formula is the ratio of odds in favor of exposure among the disease group (the ceases to the odds in favor of exposure among the no disease group (the controls) Odds that a case was exposed = (cid:3002)(cid:3004) Odds that a control was exposed = (cid:3003)(cid:3005)

Related Questions

QUESTION 1

The first person to describe a carcinogen was:

a.
Rudolf Virchow

b.
Cladius Regaud

c.
Percivall Pott

d.
George Papanicolau

e.
Sidney Farber

QUESTION 2

Who introduced the test for early detection of cervical cancerin 1942?

a.
Rudolf Virchow

b.
Cladius Regaud

c.
Percivall Pott

d.
George Papanicolau

e.
Sidney Farber

QUESTION 3

All of the following are TRUE about risk factors for cancerEXCEPT:

a.
They cause DNA mutation

b.
Some can be avoided

c.
Some can be inherited

d.
They guide patient management

e.
They increase the probability of getting cancer

QUESTION 4

All of the following are proven carcinogens EXCEPT:

a.
Tobacco

b.
Formaldehyde

c.
Soot

d.
Saccharin

e.
Human papilloma virus

QUESTION 5

Which of the following is true about somatic mutations:

	a.	They are present in an egg or sperm
	b.	They can be inherited
	c.	They can be present in all cells in the individual
	d.	They can cause cancer family syndrome
	e.	They cannot be inherited

QUESTION 6

All of the following can be used as a guideline for causalinference of a carcinogen EXCEPT:

	a.	Strength of association of the exposure with occurrence ofcancer
	b.	Single correlation study showing exposure with the incidence ofcancer
	c.	Dose response relation of the exposure and risk of cancer
	d.	Disease or risk reduction with removal of exposure
	e.	Biological plausibility of the exposure with the disease

QUESTION 7

All of the following cancers have an infectious causeEXCEPT:

a.
Cervical Cancer

b.
Stomach Cancer

c.
Breast Cancer

d.
Liver Cancer

e.
Hodgkin lymphoma

QUESTION 8

Medical treatments that cause cancer include all of thefollowing EXCEPT:

a.
MOPP chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma

b.
Radiation therapy for sarcoma

c.
Tamoxifen for chemotherapy

d.
Smallpox vaccination

e.
Cyclosporine for immunosuppression

QUESTION 9

All of the following are risk factors for breast cancerEXCEPT:

a.
Having breast implants

b.
Having prior ovarian cancer

c.
Having a mother with breast cancer

d.
Age

e.
Obesity

QUESTION 10

The likelihood of getting cancer from exposure to a carcinogenis related to all of the following EXCEPT:

	a.	The duration of exposure
	b.	The geographic location of the exposure
	c.	The degree of exposure
	d.	The genetic susceptibility of the exposed person
	e.	The mode of exposure (e.g., touching it, breathing it,swallowing it, etc).

Compute the Person-Years of smoking exposure using the tablebelow. (Hint: add the years at risk of throat cancer (TC) â seeexamples).
Once they develop TC they are no longer at risk and their yearsin the study canât be counted.
Add each personâs years of exposure in the right column andenter the value in the box next to âTotal P-Y at Risk of ThroatCancerâ.
Then count the P-Y at risk for the Current/Former Smokers(exposed) and the P-Y at risk for the Never-Smokers (notexposed)
Using the Person-Years for each exposure group as thedenominator and the number of TC recorded for each exposure group;compute the Incidence Density for TC risk in current/former smokers(exposed) (ID_E) & compute the incidence density forTC risk in never smokers (not exposed) (ID_NE).
The compute the Incidence Density Ratio (also call RR), dividethe ID_Eby the ID_NE. This value is interpretedthe same as the Relative Risk.

		Years in the Study at Risk of Developing ThroatCancer								Years at Risk
Person	Smoker	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	Years at Risk
A	Yes	at risk	at risk	TC	No longer at risk of throat cancer					2
B	No	at risk	at risk	at risk	at risk	at risk	at risk	at risk	at risk	8
C	No
D	Yes						TC
E	Yes				TC
F	No
G	No					TC
H	No								TC
I	Yes		TC
J	Yes							TC
	Total P-Y at Risk of Throat Cancer

Sum the Person-Years of Exposure for each exposure group? (1point)

Former/Current Smoker (1/2 point)

Never Smoker(1/2 point)

How many of the exposed & not exposed participantsdeveloped throat cancer (1 point)?

Former/Current Smoker (1/2point):

Never Smoker(1/2point):

What is the Incidence Density for the exposed (ID_E)and non-exposed (ID_NE) groups? (1 point)

Former/Current Smoker (1/2point):

Never Smoker (1/2 point):

Compute the Incidence Density Ratio (IDR). Is the IDRprotective or hazardous? (1 point).

10. Using the interpretation for Relative Risk onpage 120 of your text, interpret the meaning of the IncidenceDensity Ratio (1 pt):

rubyjellyfish692

Please, help me answer the following questions on Chronic Diseases and Risks. No guess work, thank you!

QUESTION 1 Chronic diseases generally have several underlying characteristics, including a. A long latency period between exposure to risk and disease outcomes b. Low degree of preventability c. High curve rate d. None of the above

QUESTION 2 Which of the following risk factors collectively explain a significant proportion (not incidence) of most chronic diseases? a. Tobacco, alcohol, diet

b. Tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical activity c. Alcohol, physical activity d. Tobacco, diet, physical activity

QUESTION 3 Adherence to treatment is influenced by several interacting dimensions including a. Social and economic factors b. Healthcare system factors c. Condition-related factors

d. Therapy-related factors e. Patient related factors f. All of the above

QUESTION 4 _________ is the leading cause of cancer in both developed and developing countries worldwide a. Radiation exposure b. Tobacco use c. Pesticide exposure d. Air pollution QUESTION 5 This week's YouTube video on treating non-communicable diseases in Rwanda showed how a community health worker helps to treat heart disease, diabetes and _______ a. Cancer b. Asthma c. Hepatitis d. HIV/AIDS

QUESTION 6 Which of these are myths of chronic disease control a. Benefits of chronic disease control accrue not only to the individual but also to the population b. Economic growth improves all health conditions c. Chronic diseases are associated with low SES/poverty d. Chronic disease only occurs in the elderly e. a and c f. b and d

QUESTION 7 ___________ remains the leading cause of death among both men and women in low- and middle-income countries a. Cancer b. Cardiovascular disease c. Diabetes d. Obesity e. Respiratory disease

QUESTION 8 Chronic disease in adults accounts for approximately 60% of all deaths worldwide. True False

QUESTION 9 The WHO's Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions Framework includes a positive policy environment True False

QUESTION 10 It is estimated that the overall number of cancer cases will rise by 50% in the next 20 years. True False

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PBHL 3101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Odds Ratio, Relative Risk, Protective Factor

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Related Questions

	a.	Rudolf Virchow
	b.	Cladius Regaud
	c.	Percivall Pott
	d.	George Papanicolau
	e.	Sidney Farber

	a.	They cause DNA mutation
	b.	Some can be avoided
	c.	Some can be inherited
	d.	They guide patient management
	e.	They increase the probability of getting cancer

	a.	Tobacco
	b.	Formaldehyde
	c.	Soot
	d.	Saccharin
	e.	Human papilloma virus

	a.	Cervical Cancer
	b.	Stomach Cancer
	c.	Breast Cancer
	d.	Liver Cancer
	e.	Hodgkin lymphoma

	a.	MOPP chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma
	b.	Radiation therapy for sarcoma
	c.	Tamoxifen for chemotherapy
	d.	Smallpox vaccination
	e.	Cyclosporine for immunosuppression

	a.	Having breast implants
	b.	Having prior ovarian cancer
	c.	Having a mother with breast cancer
	d.	Age
	e.	Obesity