BIO-0013 Lecture Notes - Methylation, Chromosome

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blackdeer389

31 Jan 2014

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11 27 12: plasmid = introduced genetic material, bacterial chromosome has its own set of all genes, plasmid is extra, if repressor protein is dysfunctional in plasmid, but functional in chromosome, they can act at both sites, how do we know the dna is the same in every somatic cell of an adult organism, somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt, if the dna in the nucleus is the same in each cell, the dna in each somatic cell should be able to create a new organism (clone, what is cloning: Reproductive: duplicate an entire organism: plant or animal has the same genes as the original, requires the proper environment in order to instruct the development of a new organism (egg, mammalian embryos nee to develop in the proper, scnt embryos are made by combining the dna of somatic cell with an environment (uterus of surrogate host) egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed.

Related Questions

View/perform/read ALL THREE of the following prior to answeringthe questions.

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120078/micro10.swf::Stepsin Cloning a Gene (Links to an external site.)

http://www.discoverbiotech.com/wiki/-/wiki/Main/Applications ofCloning (Links to an external site.)

http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cloning/cloning.htm(Links to an external site.)

Skip to question text.

From the list below, which of the following is the most logicalsequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid andinserting the plasmid into a bacterium?
I. Transformbacteria with recombinant DNA molecule
II. Cutthe plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes
III. Extractplasmid DNA from bacterial cells
IV. Hydrogen-bondthe plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments
V. Useligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA

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Plasmids (or vectors) are important in biotechnology becausethey are

a vehicle for the insertion of recombinant DNA intobacteria.

surfaces for respiratory processes in bacteria.

recognition sites on recombinant DNA strands.

surfaces for protein synthesis in eukaryotic recombinants.

proviruses incorporated into the host DNA

Flag this Question

Plasmids are put into bacterial cells by

restriction enzymes

DNA ligase

binding of cohesive sticky ends

transformation

Flag this Question

Restriction enzymes usually

cut donor DNA evenly so smooth edges result

cut donor DNA but do not affect plasmids

make staggered cuts at specific sequences in DNA in both donorDNA and plasmid

are used in ligating plasmids into bacterial host cells

more than one of the above

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After combining DNA fragments in a cloning experiment, ___ isused to covalently join the DNA segments.

Restriction enzyme

DNA Ligase

Reverse transcriptase

DNA polymerase

Helicase

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It is theoretically possible for a gene from any organism tofunction in any other organism. Why is this possible?

All organisms have ribosomes.

All organisms have the same genetic code.

All organisms are made up of cells.

All organisms have similar nuclei.

All organisms have transfer RNA.

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Skip to question text.

Assume that you are trying to insert a gene into a plasmid andsomeone gives you a DNA sample cut with restriction enzyme X. Thegene you wish to insert from the given sample has sites on bothends for cutting by restriction enzyme Y. You have a plasmid with asingle site for Y, but not for X. Your strategy should be to

cut the plasmid with restriction enzyme X and insert thefragments cut with Y into the plasmid.

cut the plasmid with enzyme X and then insert the gene into theplasmid.

cut the DNA again with restriction enzyme Y and insert thesefragments into the plasmid cut with the same enzyme.

cut the plasmid twice with restriction enzyme Y and ligate thetwo fragments onto the ends of the human DNA fragments cut withrestriction enzyme X.

insert the fragments cut with X directly into the plasmidwithout cutting the plasmid.

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Which of the following is/are false in regard to expressionplasmids (also called expression vectors)?

They are used to make proteins using a cloned gene.

They contain a promotor.

They are the first plasmid type used to clone a gene.

They contain a terminator.

More than one of the above is false.

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What is NOT a potential problem(s) associated with usingbacteria containing a cloned eukaryotic gene (e.g. a human gene) toproduce a functional protein?

If the eukaryotic gene contains introns the bacteria will notremove them and the resulting amino acid sequence will be differentthat that made by a eukaryote.

The bacteria may not fold the protein correctly.

The bacteria may degrade the protein.

All of the above are potential problems.

Flag this Question

Cloning allows for production of proteins in much larger amountsthan occurs in the cells from which the gene is isolated.

True

False

Flag this Question

Question 111 pts

Gene cloning is used to do all of the following except

Make insulin

Making genetically identical animals (e.g. Dolly thesheep)

Make vaccines

Perform Gene Therapy

Making genetically engineered plants

Flag this Question

In your

rubyhedgehog47

View/perform/read ALL THREE of the following prior to answeringthe questions.

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120078/micro10.swf::Stepsin Cloning a Gene (Links to an external site.)

http://www.discoverbiotech.com/wiki/-/wiki/Main/Applications ofCloning (Links to an external site.)

http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cloning/cloning.htm(Links to an external site.)

Skip to question text.

Flag this Question

Plasmids (or vectors) are important in biotechnology becausethey are

a vehicle for the insertion ofrecombinant DNA into bacteria.

surfaces for respiratoryprocesses in bacteria.

recognition sites onrecombinant DNA strands.

surfaces for protein synthesisin eukaryotic recombinants.

proviruses incorporated intothe host DNA

Flag this Question

Plasmids are put into bacterial cells by

restriction enzymes

DNA ligase

binding of cohesive stickyends

transformation

Flag this Question

Restriction enzymes usually

cut donor DNA evenly so smoothedges result

cut donor DNA but do notaffect plasmids

make staggered cuts atspecific sequences in DNA in both donor DNA and plasmid

are used in ligating plasmidsinto bacterial host cells

more than one of theabove

Flag this Question

After combining DNA fragments in a cloning experiment, ___ isused to covalently join the DNA segments.

Restriction enzyme

DNA Ligase

Reverse transcriptase

DNA polymerase

Helicase

Flag this Question

It is theoretically possible for a gene from any organism tofunction in any other organism. Why is this possible?

All organisms haveribosomes.

All organisms have the samegenetic code.

All organisms are made up ofcells.

All organisms have similarnuclei.

All organisms have transferRNA.

Flag this Question

Skip to question text.

cut the plasmid withrestriction enzyme X and insert the fragments cut with Y into theplasmid.

cut the plasmid with enzyme Xand then insert the gene into the plasmid.

cut the DNA again withrestriction enzyme Y and insert these fragments into the plasmidcut with the same enzyme.

cut the plasmid twice withrestriction enzyme Y and ligate the two fragments onto the ends ofthe human DNA fragments cut with restriction enzyme X.

insert the fragments cut withX directly into the plasmid without cutting the plasmid.

Flag this Question

Which of the following is/are false in regard to expressionplasmids (also called expression vectors)?

They are used to make proteinsusing a cloned gene.

They contain a promotor.

They are the first plasmidtype used to clone a gene.

They contain aterminator.

More than one of the above isfalse.

Flag this Question

What is NOT a potential problem(s) associated with usingbacteria containing a cloned eukaryotic gene (e.g. a human gene) toproduce a functional protein?

If the eukaryotic genecontains introns the bacteria will not remove them and theresulting amino acid sequence will be different that that made by aeukaryote.

The bacteria may not fold theprotein correctly.

The bacteria may degrade theprotein.

All of the above are potentialproblems.

Flag this Question

Cloning allows for production of proteins in much larger amountsthan occurs in the cells from which the gene is isolated.

True

False

Flag this Question

Question 111 pts

Gene cloning is used to do all of the following except

Make insulin

Making genetically identicalanimals (e.g. Dolly the sheep)

Make vaccines

Perform Gene Therapy

Making genetically engineeredplants

Flag this Question

In your

mauvecattle119

Question: Think about these questions, and post your thoughts on the use of cloning. Specifically, think the about the use of human cloning and discuss the potential impact on society.

Background Discussion: The scientific research terms, cloning means making exact copies of genes, a cell, or an organism. Therefore, cloning has been around for a long time. Identical twins are clones of a single zygote. When a single bacterium reproduces asexually on a petri dish, a colony of cells results, and each member of the colony is a clone of the original cell. Through biotechnology, bacteria now produce clone copies of human genes.

Through recent advances in science, it is possible to produce a clone of a mammal- and perhaps even one day, a human. The parent need not contribute sperm or egg to the process. During the so-called reproductive cloning, a nucleus (which contains the genetic material of a person) from one adult cell is placed in an enucleated egg. That egg is then allowed to develop. The developing embryo is placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother, and when birth occurs, the clone is an exact genetic copy of the original parent (of course the clone is younger). The process of cloning whole animals, and certainly humans, has not been perfected. Until it is, therapeutic cloning is more likely to become widespread.

Suppose it were possible to put the nucleus from a cell of a burn victim into an enucleated egg that is forced to become skin cells in the laboratory. These cells could be used to provide grafts of new skin that would not be rejected by the recipient. Would this be a proper use of cloning in humans?

Now, suppose parents want to produce a child free of genetic diseases. Scientists produce an embryo though in vitro fertilization, and then they clone the embryo to produce several embryos. Genetic engineering is then used to remove the genetic defect, and the defect free embryos are implanted into the uterus of a surrogate where they are allowed to grow to term. Would this be proper use of cloning in humans?

What if later scientists were able to produce children with increased intelligence or athletic abilities using the same technique? Would this be an acceptable use of cloning in humans?

BIO-0013 Lecture Notes - Methylation, Chromosome

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