CHE 481 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Low-Carbon Economy, Fouling, Fixed Capital
16 Oct 2016
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8. 2 cost of operating labor: nol = (6. 29 + 31. 7p2 + 0. 23nnp)0. 5. 8. 3 utility costs: utilities cost (steam, cw, electricity) depends on fuel price, coal is cheapest but high sulfur high co2 / energy (climate change) & cost of transport. 6 fuel are the next cheapest and natural gas is the best. No 2 fuel oil common, refineries near coast, imported oil: 3 ways to supply utilities. Supplied by company: off-site facility, reflect fixed capital investment. Self-generated & used by single process: fci and operating costs included: 8. 3. 2 calculation of utility costs. Cost in table 8. 3 assumed fci not included and operating cost only. Example 8. 3: estimate cut for cooling water using mechanical draft cooling tower. Cooling water circulated: consider removal of 1 gj/h of energy from process units, q = mcp(deltat) Windage: loss from mechanical draft towers = 0. 1% - 0. 3%. Blowdown: max salt concentration factor s. Mass balance on loop: wmu = wtower + wwind + wbd.
