BIO 203 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Mechanical Advantage, Teres Major Muscle, Terrestrial Locomotion
8 Dec 2017
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Document Summary
Consumption of energy at rest is high for smaller animals. Consumption of energy increases with increasing speed. Rate of increase of energy consumption (slope) is higher for smaller animals. Medium through which movement occurs: air: low resistance, water: higher resistance. Mechanism of movement: walkers- push against solid substrate, swimmers: push against water, fliers: push against air. Machines have greater or lower cost of transportation: air transport: planes less efficient, ground transport: bicycles more efficient, cars slightly less efficient, diesel trucks as efficient, freight trains as efficient, water transport: ships less efficient. Contracting muscles can generate a push by changing the shape. Insects: some have indirect musculature, muscles connect to exoskeleton, opposing sets of muscles, longitudinal and cross, contraction and relaxation cause changes in shape of exoskeleton. Insertion changes the result of contraction: extensor: shortening cause bones to extend, flexor: contraction causes bones to flex. Lever ratio: ratio of length of power arm: length of load arm.
