Conservation Biology 12/10/2012
Why should we care about biodiversity?
Biodiversity represents sum of all genomes on Earth
Crucial natural resource
Threatened species could provide crops, fibers, and medicines
Loss of species also means loss of genes
Extinction is irreversible – once lost, gone forever
Levels of biodiversity
3 important ones
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity
All are being reduced
Benefits of biodiversity include ecosystem services
Processes that increase the quality of the abiotic environment
Direct benefits include services provided by the environment
Indirect benefits include ways that biodiversity aids humans by contributing to a healthy overall
environment
Ecosystem services 2 Conservation Biology
Ecosystem services – encompasses all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their
species help sustain human life
Examples
Purification of air and water
Detoxification and decomposition of wastes
Cycling of nutrients, soil formation
Moderation of weather extremes
Dangers of losing genetic biodiversity
Rosy periwinkle only in Madagascar
2 important cancerfighting medicines
Vinblastine and vincristine
Vinblastine increased survival of childhood leukemia from 10% to 90%
Poison dart frogs release poisons through their skin
Eat poisonous ants, which makes them poisonous
Painkiller uses frogs’ poison, 200X as powerful as morphine
But without side effects and addiction
Being studies for treating heart attacks
Biodiversity increases productivity
Productivity of ecosystems depends on number and type of species present
Species richness has a positive impact on net primary productivity (NPP) Conservation Biology 3
May be due to resourceuse efficiency, facilitation, and sampling effects
Debatable?
Grime “All you need is the keystone and the dominant species”
Number of species saturates biodiversity fairly quickly
Does biodiversity lead to stability?
The stability of a community refers to it’s ability to do the following:
Withstand a disturbance without changing
Recover to formal levels of productivity or species richness after a disturbance
Maintain productivity and other aspects of ecosystem function as conditions change over time
Communities that are more diverse appear to be more productive, more resistant to disturbance
and invasion, and more resilient than communities that
Experiment – compare biomass of experimental plots before drought and at peak of drought
Hypothesis – plots that had greater species richness would be more resistant to disturbance
True
Managing pathogens by managing biodiversity
Addition of particular species
Example, natural enemies or competitors — can reduce impacts of pathogens
Biodiversity itself seems to protect organisms, including humans, from transmission of infectious
diseases
Preserving biodiversity may reduce incidence and spread of pathogens both in humans and in
managed production systems as well as in natural systems 4 Conservation Biology
Loss of biodiversity can affect transmission of infectious diseased by changing
The abundance of host or vector
The behavior of host, vector, or parasite
The condition of host or vector
Biodiversity loss frequently increases disease transmission
Example
West Nile virus is transmitted by mosquitos to several bird species
3 recent studies detected correlation between low bird diversity
Why?
Communities with low avian diversity dominated by species that amplify virus, leading to high
infection rates
Communities with high avian diversity contain many species that are less competent hosts
Species first to be lost as diversity declines are often those that re
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