BSCI 207 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Myoglobin, Partial Pressure, Anaerobic Respiration

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cerisegiraffe538

13 Oct 2015

School

University of Maryland

Department

Biological Sciences Program

Course

BSCI 207

Professor

Leo Shapiro

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Document Summary

Bsci207 - lecture 17 - bulk flow continued. The resting tidal volume is the normal amount of air exchanged in breathing when at rest. When you exhale as much as you can (empty lungs as much as you can), then you still have like a liter of air sitting in lungs, but you never completely empty lungs. Residual volume = amount of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation. We can ramp up amount of blood flow, air exchange, and therefore the amount of gas that reaches your tissues when needed (co2 and o2 exchange) Some intercostal muscles contract (increasing volume of cavities) Higher pressure outside body so air enters body to fill lungs/cavities. Thoracic cavity expands because of these muscles actions. Lower pressure (pressure and volume are inversely related) Results in a decrease in lung pressure compared to the atmosphere, so air is sucked in/enters airway. Chest cavity is at its maximal volume.

Related Questions

1. Match the word 1-39 above, with the descriptions labled a-t. Word 1-39 can be uses only one please!!

1. alveolar macrophages 2. alveoli 3. Bohr effect 4. bronchi 5. bronchiole 6. cerebral cortex 7. chloride shift 8. compliance 9. costal breathing 10. Daltonâs law 11. diaphragmatic breathing 12. epiglottis 13. eupnea 14. expiratory reserve volume 15. fauces 16. functional residual capacity 17. Haldane effect 18. Henryâs law 19. hilum 20. hypothalamus 21. inferior, middle, and superior nasal meatuses 22. inspiratory capacity 23. larynx 24. limbic system 25. medulla oblongata 26. nose 27. paranasal sinuses 28. pharynx 29. pleural membranes 30. pons 31. primary bronchus 32. secondary bronchus 33. surface tension 34. surfactant 35. terminal bronchiole 36. tertiary bronchus 37. total lung capacity 38. trachea 39. vital capacity

a) -------------------- serves as a sound resonating chamber; contains tonsils; directs air inferiorly

b) ------------------- passes air from pharynx into windpipe; site of sound production

c) ------------------ resonate(s) sound; not part of pharynx

D) ------------------ opening from oral cavity into pharynx

E) ----------------- carries air to a segment of a lung

F) -------------------- carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole

G) ----------------- surround the lungs

H) ------------------ reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange

i) -------------------- actual sites of gas exchange

j) --------------------- normal, quiet breathing

k) ----------------------- shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles

l) ------------------ amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall

m) ------------------- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males

n) ----------------- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in males

o) ------------------- residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males

p) -------------------- states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility

q) ---------------- when pH decreases, O₂ saturation of hemoglobin decreases

r) ------------------ each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure

s) ------------------- sets basic rhythm of breathing

t) ------------------------ includes the pontine respiratory group

skywasp336

Background

Almost all animal and plant cells require oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. This is called gas exchange and it occurs by passive diffusion. Some animals do all or most of their gas exchange across their skin (for example amphibians) but they have very low metabolisms and use very little oxygen and get rid of very little carbon dioxide.

On the other hand humans (and other mammals) have very high metabolic requirements and we canât rely on gas exchange over the limited 1.5 to 2.0 square meters of our skin to get enough oxygen in and carbon dioxide out fast enough. Our gas exchange takes place across a very thin membrane in the Alveoli of the lung and the gas exchange surface in humans is estimated to be between 50 and 100 square meters, or between 25 and 67 times our skin surface area.

Our lungs provide a huge surface for gas exchange but they are a dead-end system. Once the oxygen in the lungs is used up it needs to be replenished and carbon dioxide builds up in the air spaces in the lungs and needs to get out. This is where the diaphragm and a few of the skeletal muscles become important. In its relaxed state the diaphragm is at its longest and the space in the thoracic cavity (and the lungs) is small. When the diaphragm contracts it shortens, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity (and the lungs). The increase in size means the pressure is lower in the lungs than outside so air comes into the lungs (inhalation). As the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs decrease in size enough that the pressure inside the lungs is higher than the external air pressure so air comes out (exhalation).

Introduction

In this lab you will be building a model of a lung and experimenting with different ways to breath.

Supplies:

In the Lab Kit

One round 9" balloon (one lung, we donât need two for this)
medium-sized plastic bag large enough to fit over bottom end of bottle (diaphragm)
medium-size, thin rubber band

You supply

plastic 2-liter soda bottle with bottom cut off (thoracic cavity)

Tape (optional)

Directions:

1. Insert the balloon through the open bottom of a modified 2-liter soda bottle and up over the neck of the bottle. Pull the end of the balloon over the edges of the neck of the bottle. The balloon is held open by the neck of the bottle.

2. Place the plastic bag over the bottom (open) end of the 2-liter bottle and use the rubber band to hold it in place. This will serve as the diaphragm. To inflate the lung, blow into the balloon just before you fasten the rubber band. You can also wrap tape over the edges of the plastic bag to minimize air leaks

3. Grasp the bottom of the plastic bag and pull it down and push it up. Watch as the "lungs" (the balloon) expand and contract as you do this. The balloon has to change size because the air space between the balloon and bottle must remain constant. (Well, it would if the seal around the plastic bag and bottle were perfect).

You may block the "trachea" (the neck of the bottle) so that the air supply is cut off and watch as nothing happens when the "diaphragm" is pushed in and out.

This model isnât perfect. None of the joints are air tight as they would be in a real thoracic cavity. Pull the âdiaphragm down and watch the lungs expand . If you hold it in place, the lungs will collapse again over time. This is because of leaks and is not how real lungs work. Pushing the diaphragm in and pulling it out over and over does give you an idea of how lungs work. As the diaphragm tightens, contracts (pull down on the plastic bag) the lungs fill with air. As the diaphragm relaxes (push up on the plastic bag) air is expelled from the lungs .

There are several different ways we breath, i.e. expand our thoracic cavity so that our lungs can expand. You have just made a demonstration model of the diaphragm at work. You can also use your rib cage to expand and contract so that you can inhale and exhale. There are muscles between and around your ribcage which you can use to change the size of your thoracic cavity.

This is approximately what your model of a lung will look like.

Answer the questions on the Report Page

Report Page Name

1. Put a hand on your lower ribcage and try moving your ribs out and in. Does air also move in and out?

2. Someone with an upper back or neck injury may not have the options of using diaphragm or ribs to breath. They can learn to use the clavicle and the muscles attached to expand their thoracic cavity a small amount and breathe independently for short periods of time. Put your hand on you clavicle and try to raise and lower just that bone without using your diaphragm or your ribs. It isnât easy but you should be able to get a little air into and out of your lungs this way. How effective do you think this way of breathing is?

3. When you take a really deep breath you use all these muscle groups to help. Take a really deep breath and notice that your ribs expand, your lower abdomen comes out (a sign that the diaphragm has contracted) and your shoulders lift a little (the upper chest and clavicle are working). Now take a relaxed breath. Only your abdomen should go in and out. The movement of your abdomen is a result of the contracting diaphragm pushing on the contents of your âgutâ which forces your abdomen to push out.

Do you breath in or out when your diaphragm contracts?\

4. If a hole were poked in your thoracic wall (the wall of the pop bottle â the hole should be at least the diameter of a pencil)

a. what would happen when you tried to breath? (This is a pneumothorax).

b. Is the space between the balloon and plastic bottle still required to remain constant?

5. Would it be possible to live with a paralyzed diaphragm? Explain your answer.

fuchsiamuskrat152

31. Which of the followingstatements regarding decubitus ulcers is true?

	cells start dying if blood flow is reduced for an hour
	ulcers heal quickly if they are treated appropriately
	the legs are the most susceptible body part
	pressure and immobility are the main causes

32. What is the mostcommon type of arthritis in adults?

	Rheumatoid arthritis
	Psoriatic arthritis
	Osteoarthritis
	Gout

33. Which of the followingincreases the risk of age-related macular degeneration?

	Hypotension
	Diabetes
	Cataracts
	Atherosclerosis

34. Which of the followingstatements is true if one maintains a high level of physicalactivity throughout life?

	Slower decline in reaction time and recovery time in the musclesystem
	Slower increase in processing impulses by the CNS
	Slower increase in fat and fibers in the muscle system
	Slower increase in bone minerals in the skeletal system

35. Which type of musclefiber is considered to be 'fast contracting and resistant tofatigue'?

	Type I
	Type IIA
	Type IIB
	Type IIC

36. Which of the followingis not an age related change associated with the lens?

	Decline in transparency to all colors of light
	Formation of new capillaries in the lens
	Reduction in the ability to refract light
	Decrease in the elasticity of the lens

37. Which statementregarding crush fractures is true?

	they only occur when lifting or carrying a heavy object
	the patient tends to lean backwards to take the pressure off thefracture
	pulmonary and circulatory systems are not effected by thefracture
	nerve function may be compromised by pinching of the bonepieces

38. What is the definitionof tidal volume?

	the volume of air inspired equals the volume expired at rest
	the most air a person can inspire when taking a deep breath
	the amount of air left in the lungs following fullexpiration
	the total amount of air that can be in lungs at any one time

39. Tremors, musclestiffness, inability to complete a motion after it was initiated,loss of balance, weakness, and a stooped posture are all signs ofwhich disease?

	Stroke
	Alzheimers
	Parkinson's
	Multi-infarct dementia

40. A pannus is adestructive type of tissue associated with which condition?

	Emphysema
	Colitis
	Rheumatoid arthritis
	Osteoporosis

BSCI 207 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Myoglobin, Partial Pressure, Anaerobic Respiration

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