BIOL 2081C Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Complex Cell, Epistasis, Arabidopsis Thaliana

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jadecattle874

19 Sep 2017

School

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIOL 2081C

Professor

Uhl Juli

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Document Summary

Reading assignment: hartl text chapter 13 focusing on the los and pre-class assignment. Learning objectives: use the bicoid gene as an example to explain how polarity is established in a developing embryo using gene expression gradients. **answer in notes: describe the role of the coordinate genes (aka maternal effect genes), gap genes, pair-rule genes, segment-polarity genes, and homeotic genes in drosophila development. Pair-rule genes are expressed as a result of differing concentrations of gap gene proteins, which encode transcription factors controlling pair-rule gene expression. Early stages in the development of an animal: extensive cell migrations establish the basic body plan of the embryo, cells become committed to particular cell fates. Model organism: a species that are easily studied in the laboratory and have special properties that allow their mechanisms of development to be readily observed. Morphogens: a diffusible molecule that determines cell fate based on the local concentration, examples: bicoid, a transcription factor.

Related Questions

Kruppel and giant are 2 gap genes in drosophila for which the maternal effect gene bicoid serves as a transcriptional activator. Bicoid protein is present in an concentration gradient in the drosophila embryo, with the highest levels at the anterior end and progressively lower levels as one moves toward the posterior pole.

a) In general terms , what phenotype is expected of a mutation producing non-functional kruppel protein?

B) The expression domain of giant is anterior to that of kruppel with little overlap between the two. List 2 general types of gene regulatory mechanisms that contribute to these differences in expression pattern between giant and krupel.

c) hedgehog is an example of a segment polarity gene in drosophila. Would one expect any alterations of kruppel expression in embryos mutant for hedgehog? Why or why not?

champagnesnake823

1. When does differentiation begin in fruit fly (insects)?

a. Prior to fertilization

b. Just after fertilization, but before any cell divisions takeplace

c. Just after the first cell division

d. At the blastula stage

e. At the globular embryo stage

2. When does differentiation begin in frog (vertebrates)?

a. Prior to fertilization

b. Just after fertilization, but before any cell divisions takeplace

c. Just after the first cell division

d. At the blastula stage

e. At the globular embryo stage

3. When does differentiation begin in flowering plants?

a. Prior to fertilization

b. Just after fertilization, but before any cell divisions takeplace

c. Just after the first cell division

d. At the blastula stage

e. At the globular embryo stage

4. Which axis develops first in animals, anterior-posterior(A-P) or dorsal-ventral (D-V)?

a. A-P

b. D-V

c. They develop at the same time.

d. They are controlled by the same transcription factors at thesame time.

5. Which axis develops first in plants, anterior-posterior ordorsal-ventral?

a. A-P

b. D-V

c. They develop at the same time.

d. Plants only develop A-P, and with respect to gravity andlight.

6. Focusing in on A-P development in Drosophila, maternaltranscription factors produce

proteins that control axis development in what order?

a. bicoid and nanos proteins; caudal and hunchback proteins; gapand pair-rule

proteins

b. caudal and hunchback proteins; bicoid and nanos proteins; gapand pair-rule

proteins

c. gap and pair-rule proteins; bicoid and nanos proteins; caudaland hunchback

proteins

d. gap and pair-rule proteins; caudal and hunchback proteins;bicoid and nanos

proteins

7. What ultimately controls pattern formation in Drosophila?

a. Morphogen gradients and signaling molecules under maternalcontrol

b. Morphogen gradients and signaling molecules under embryoniccontrol

c. De-repressors and signaling molecules under maternalcontrol

d. De-repressors and signaling molecules under embryoniccontrol

PLANT STRUCTURE, CELLS, CELL WALLS, PLASMODESMATA

8. Which of the following cannot be found in leaves?

a. Xylem

b. Phloem

c. Mesophyll

d. Parenchyma

e. Apical meristem

9. What are intercalary meristems?

a. Meristems that develop between internodes in some plants

b. Meristems that develop primary meristematic tissues

c. Meristems that are responsible for secondary growth in woodyplants

d. Root meristems

10. Roots, shoots, and leaves all contain three basic tissuesystems. What are they?

a. Ground, structural, conductive

b. Ground, vascular, dermal

c. Vascular, dermal, structural

d. Conductive, transmissive, supportive

11. All growth in plants is due to

a. Cell division in the three basic tissue systems andsubsequent cell elongation

b. Cell division at meristems and subsequent cell elongation

c. Cell division as needed throughout the plant body, followedby cell elongation

d. Hormone-induced cell division throughout the plant body

12. Which plant cells are dead at maturity, although stillproviding some useful function?

a. Dermal

b. Ground

c. Xylem

d. Phloem

e. Lateral meristems

13. Which meristems are responsible for lateral growth (increasein girth)?

a. Apical meristem

b. Root meristem

c. Vascular and bark cambium

d. Intercalary meristem

14. Where are most guard cells generally located in vascularplants?

a. Stem dermal tissue

b. Root dermal tissue

c. Petiole dermal tissue

d. Undersides of leaves

e. Uppersides of leaves

15. How can you distinguish guard cells from non-guardcells?

a. They contain mitochondria

b. They contain chloroplasts

c. They do not have plasmodesmata

d. They have plasmodesmata

e. B and C

PINs, IAA, ACID GROWTH

16. What are PINs?

a. Plasma membrane transport inhibitors

b. Auxin efflux transporters for active transport across plasmamembranes

c. Growth regulators

d. Hormones

e. Membrane transport proteins for embryogenesis

17. What is IAA?

a. Cytokinen

b. Gibberellic acid

c. Florigen

d. Auxin

e. Abscissic acid

18. Which hormone can trigger cell wall expansion?

a. Cytokinen

b. Gibberellic acid

c. Florigen

d. Auxin

e. Abscissic acid

19. Which ion is used by plants to decrease pH and activateenzymes that break cress-bridges

between cellulose fibers for cell wall expansion?

a. Na

b. K

c. Cl

d. H

e. Mg

20. Where do the ions come from to cause acidification of thecell wall?

a. Apoplast

b. Cytoplasm

c. Chloroplasts

d. Mitochondria

e. Vacuole

PLANT EMBRYOGENESIS, SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM (SAM), ROOT APICALMERISTEM

(RAM)

21. The first cell division in a plant zygote isasymmetrical.

a. True

b. False

22. At what stage of embryogenesis do PIN proteins firstinfluence orientation of the root-shoot

axis?

a. First cell division

b. Second cell division

c. 8-cell stage

d. Globular stage

e. Heart-shaped stage

23. Which hormone most strongly affects cell division inembryos?

a. IAA

b. GA

c. Ethylene

d. AA

e. CK

24. How do the major tissue systems in plants become establishedin developing embryo?

a. Anticlinal cell divisions

b. Periclinal cell divisions

c. All of the above

d. None of the above

STEM/ROOT PRIMARY, SECONDARY GROWTH

25. Fifteen years ago, your parent hung a swing from the lowerbranch of a tree in your yard. It is at the exact same height as itwas then. Why isn

ceriseshark886

1. When does differentiation begin in fruit fly (insects)?

a. Prior to fertilization

b. Just after fertilization, but before any cell divisions takeplace

c. Just after the first cell division

d. At the blastula stage

e. At the globular embryo stage

2. When does differentiation begin in frog (vertebrates)?

a. Prior to fertilization

b. Just after fertilization, but before any cell divisions takeplace

c. Just after the first cell division

d. At the blastula stage

e. At the globular embryo stage

3. When does differentiation begin in flowering plants?

a. Prior to fertilization

b. Just after fertilization, but before any cell divisions takeplace

c. Just after the first cell division

d. At the blastula stage

e. At the globular embryo stage

4. Which axis develops first in animals, anterior-posterior(A-P) or dorsal-ventral (D-V)?

a. A-P

b. D-V

c. They develop at the same time.

d. They are controlled by the same transcription factors at thesame time.

5. Which axis develops first in plants, anterior-posterior ordorsal-ventral?

a. A-P

b. D-V

c. They develop at the same time.

d. Plants only develop A-P, and with respect to gravity andlight.

6. Focusing in on A-P development in Drosophila, maternaltranscription factors produce

proteins that control axis development in what order?

a. bicoid and nanos proteins; caudal and hunchback proteins; gapand pair-rule

proteins

b. caudal and hunchback proteins; bicoid and nanos proteins; gapand pair-rule

proteins

c. gap and pair-rule proteins; bicoid and nanos proteins; caudaland hunchback

proteins

d. gap and pair-rule proteins; caudal and hunchback proteins;bicoid and nanos

proteins

7. What ultimately controls pattern formation in Drosophila?

a. Morphogen gradients and signaling molecules under maternalcontrol

b. Morphogen gradients and signaling molecules under embryoniccontrol

c. De-repressors and signaling molecules under maternalcontrol

d. De-repressors and signaling molecules under embryoniccontrol

PLANT STRUCTURE, CELLS, CELL WALLS, PLASMODESMATA

8. Which of the following cannot be found in leaves?

a. Xylem

b. Phloem

c. Mesophyll

d. Parenchyma

e. Apical meristem

9. What are intercalary meristems?

a. Meristems that develop between internodes in some plants

b. Meristems that develop primary meristematic tissues

c. Meristems that are responsible for secondary growth in woodyplants

d. Root meristems

10. Roots, shoots, and leaves all contain three basic tissuesystems. What are they?

a. Ground, structural, conductive

b. Ground, vascular, dermal

c. Vascular, dermal, structural

d. Conductive, transmissive, supportive

11. All growth in plants is due to

a. Cell division in the three basic tissue systems andsubsequent cell elongation

b. Cell division at meristems and subsequent cell elongation

c. Cell division as needed throughout the plant body, followedby cell elongation

d. Hormone-induced cell division throughout the plant body

12. Which plant cells are dead at maturity, although stillproviding some useful function?

a. Dermal

b. Ground

c. Xylem

d. Phloem

e. Lateral meristems

13. Which meristems are responsible for lateral growth (increasein girth)?

a. Apical meristem

b. Root meristem

c. Vascular and bark cambium

d. Intercalary meristem

14. Where are most guard cells generally located in vascularplants?

a. Stem dermal tissue

b. Root dermal tissue

c. Petiole dermal tissue

d. Undersides of leaves

e. Uppersides of leaves

15. How can you distinguish guard cells from non-guardcells?

a. They contain mitochondria

b. They contain chloroplasts

c. They do not have plasmodesmata

d. They have plasmodesmata

e. B and C

PINs, IAA, ACID GROWTH

16. What are PINs?

a. Plasma membrane transport inhibitors

b. Auxin efflux transporters for active transport across plasmamembranes

c. Growth regulators

d. Hormones

e. Membrane transport proteins for embryogenesis

17. What is IAA?

a. Cytokinen

b. Gibberellic acid

c. Florigen

d. Auxin

e. Abscissic acid

18. Which hormone can trigger cell wall expansion?

a. Cytokinen

b. Gibberellic acid

c. Florigen

d. Auxin

e. Abscissic acid

19. Which ion is used by plants to decrease pH and activateenzymes that break cress-bridges

between cellulose fibers for cell wall expansion?

a. Na

b. K

c. Cl

d. H

e. Mg

20. Where do the ions come from to cause acidification of thecell wall?

a. Apoplast

b. Cytoplasm

c. Chloroplasts

d. Mitochondria

e. Vacuole

PLANT EMBRYOGENESIS, SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM (SAM), ROOT APICALMERISTEM

(RAM)

21. The first cell division in a plant zygote isasymmetrical.

a. True

b. False

22. At what stage of embryogenesis do PIN proteins firstinfluence orientation of the root-shoot

axis?

a. First cell division

b. Second cell division

c. 8-cell stage

d. Globular stage

e. Heart-shaped stage

23. Which hormone most strongly affects cell division inembryos?

a. IAA

b. GA

c. Ethylene

d. AA

e. CK

24. How do the major tissue systems in plants become establishedin developing embryo?

a. Anticlinal cell divisions

b. Periclinal cell divisions

c. All of the above

d. None of the above

STEM/ROOT PRIMARY, SECONDARY GROWTH

25. Fifteen years ago, your parent hung a swing from the lowerbranch of a tree in your yard. It is at the exact same height as itwas then. Why isn

goldgrasshopper756

BIOL 2081C Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Complex Cell, Epistasis, Arabidopsis Thaliana

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