INTL 340 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Social Comparison Theory, Gini Coefficient, Epidemiological Transition

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pinkllama868

2 Jul 2018

School

University of Oregon

Department

International Studies

Course

INTL 340

Professor

Dr. Yarris

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Week 5 Class 1

Health Transition & MDR-TB

Review

● DALYs

○ composite measure of global health

○ YLL-YLD

○ combines longevity and something about quality of life

Epidemiological transition theory:

● shift in global burden of disease from communicable (infectious) to non-communicable

(chronic) conditions

● communicable/infectious diseases: transmittable to host by outside source (vector, body

fluids, etc)

○ ex: ZICA is currently in the news

● non-communicable/chronic conditions: conditions “within host”, usually due to degeneration

(aging)

● Transition occurs over centuries of human history

● Health transition accompanied by demographic transition: decline in fertility rates and

increase in life expectancy

○ the demographic transition = generally aging populations

● “A long-term shift in mortality and disease patterns whereby pandemics of infection are

gradually displaced by degeneration and manmade diseases as the main causes of

morbidity and mortality” (Omran 1971)

● From “diseases of poverty” to “diseases of affluence"

● “Marks a fundamental change in main determinants of health… the point in economic

development at which the vast majority… gained access to the basic material necessities of

life” (Wilkinson p 39)

Explanations for the Epi Transition:

● medical advances, public health interventions

● McKeown hypothesis (review) — rising living standards —> decline in infectious diseases

mortality illustrates relationship between economic development and population health

● however, the impact of economic growth on health “levels off”; there is a point where

absolute material standards of living no longer explain population health outcomes

The Health Transition in Critical Perspective

● this transition is uneven; persistence of poverty, under-development & infectious disease

● underlying assumptions are problematic, reflect linear model of “development"

● the shift to chronic conditions (and the re/emergence of infectious conditions) are in fact due

to the conditions of “development"

● in many countries, the worse-off are bearing the burden of chronic diseases

● good thing to go through epidemiological transition

Measuring Income Inequality

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Document Summary

Combines longevity and something about quality of life. Shift in global burden of disease from communicable (infectious) to non-communicable (chronic) conditions. Communicable/infectious diseases: transmittable to host by outside source (vector, body fluids, etc) Ex: zica is currently in the news. Non-communicable/chronic conditions: conditions within host , usually due to degeneration (aging) Transition occurs over centuries of human history. Health transition accompanied by demographic transition: decline in fertility rates and increase in life expectancy. The demographic transition = generally aging populations. A long-term shift in mortality and disease patterns whereby pandemics of infection are gradually displaced by degeneration and manmade diseases as the main causes of morbidity and mortality (omran 1971) From diseases of poverty to diseases of affluence" Marks a fundamental change in main determinants of health the point in economic development at which the vast majority gained access to the basic material necessities of life (wilkinson p 39)

Related Questions

QUESTION 1 1. The relative importance or burden of a disease within a population will depend on a number of factors including : A. Disease frequency B. Disease severity C. Disease consequences D. All of the above

QUESTION 2 1 . With the epidemiologic transition, there is a reduction in malnutrition and _____ . A. Communicable diseases B. Injuries C. Non-communicable chronic diseases D. Mental health disorders

QUESTION 3 1. A major challenge to developing a burden of disease profile in low and middle-income countries relates to A. Unwillingness to share complete information B. Conflicting disease definitions C. Challenges obtaining information related to cause of death D. All of the above

QUESTION 4 1. The demographic transition describes which of the following changes to society A. Changes in birth and death rates that reflect a modern society B. Declines in mortality followed by a reduction in fertility C. A change in the age structure of the population D. All of the above

QUESTION 5 1. Measures of health status that combine mortality and morbidity data A. Facilitate comparisons both within and across populations B. Help estimate the quantitative health benefits from interventions C. Serve as tools to assist with resource allocation D. All of the above

QUESTION 6 1. The disability-adjusted life year is defined as A. A health gap population summary measure that combines time lost due to disability with that lost due to death B. A measure to compare the gap between the current situation to that of an ideal situation C. A measure that combines the amount of healthy life lost due to morbidity with that lost due to injury. D. Answers B and C

QUESTION 7 1. True or false? A key limitation to mortality-based indicators is that they fail to account for the morbidity caused by disease. True False

QUESTION 8 1. The most widely used composite measure of population health is the DALY, and this epidemiological measure is the sum of morbidity and ________data. A. Years of life lost (YLL) B. Morbidity C. Infant mortality rates (IMR) D. none of the above

QUESTION 9 1. What would be the best source of information on adult and infant mortality (in high income countries)? A. Disease registers B. Vital statistics C. Special survey study D. Hospital clinic statistics

QUESTION 10 1. Which term is best used to describe the proportion of people in a population who have a defined disease at a specific point of time? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 11 1. Which term is best used to describe new cases of disease occurring in a population? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 12 1. Which term is used to describe the absence or presence of illness or disease? A. Demography B. Morbidity C. Mortality D. Vitality

QUESTION 13 1. Mortality (death indicators) include: A. Mortality rate B. Infant mortality rate C. Neonatal morality rate D. All of the above

QUESTION 14 1. True or false? The value of life is often implicit in the way resource allocation decisions are made, which suggests that these decisions should be as explicit, open, and transparent as possible. True False

QUESTION 15 1. _________________is projected as the number one leading cause of disease burden in 2030. A. Ischemic heart disease B. Diabetes mellitus C. HIV/AIDS D. Unipolar depression

QUESTION 16 1. Some of the negative aspects of globalization include A. Greater insecurity of employment B. Poorer housing and sanitation due to rapid urbanization C. Greater vulnerability to environmental degradation D. All of the above

QUESTION 17 1. Current concerns about climate change focus on several developments including A. Rising global average land and sea surface temperature B. Increasing frequency of extreme weather conditions C. Both A and B D. None of the above

QUESTION 18 1. True or false? Diseases carried by mosquitoes are especially sensitive to meteorological conditions because they are vulnerable to changes in the ambient temperature. As a result of changing temperatures, infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue have decreased in incidence and geographic range. True False

QUESTION 19 1. True or false? International cooperation of infectious disease control has a long history that includes obligatory reporting of outbreaks of specific diseases. However, compliance with obligatory reporting has been poor due to economic consequences that have often accompanied notification of disease outbreaks. True False

QUESTION 20 1. True or false? Globalization is a relatively new phenomenon that began in the mid-20th century. True False

INTL 340 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Social Comparison Theory, Gini Coefficient, Epidemiological Transition

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