PH 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Influenza Vaccine, Herd Immunity, Edward Jenner

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sangriatrout476

29 Apr 2018

School

University of Rochester

Department

Public Health

Course

PH 101

Professor

Todd Jusko

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Lecture 21: Vaccines and Influenza

-Edward Jenner: father of vaccination

-Pasteur: first vaccine, for rabies, in 1885

-worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1977

-polio is on the verge of eradication, with the last known case in the US in 1979

-vaccines exist today for 26 infectious diseases

-herd immunity exists for some diseases, like tuberculosis in the US

-herd immunity is the ultimate goal of vaccines!!!!

-future of vaccines: HIV, malaria, biological warfare

-primary antibody response: the antibody concentration rises gradually and peaks about 2 weeks

after vaccination

-secondary antibody response: the antibody concentration rises quickly, and the response is more

intense. The antibody concentration remains higher for longer.

-common types of vaccines:

●Inactivated vaccines

●Live-attenuated vaccines

●Subunit, recombinant vaccines

●Toxoid vaccines

●DNA vaccines

●Adjuvants

-an adjuvant is a substance that is added to a vaccine to increase the body’s immune response to

the vaccine.

-active immunity: instilling into the recipient a modified form of the pathogen or material

derived from it that induces immunity to disease (long-term protection)

-passive immunity: instilling the products of the immune response (antibody or immune cells)

into the recipient (short-term protection)

-vaccination: injections of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body

against that organism. Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine.

-vaccine: the product that produces immunity from a disease

-immunization: the process by which a person becomes protected from a disease

-How do we decrease the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases?

●Increase vaccination coverage

●Increase vaccination effectiveness

-the world health organization (WHO) estimates the annual burden of influenza to be about 1

billion cases, 3-5 million cases of severe illness, and 300,000-500,000 deaths

-epidemics and outbreaks of the flu occur based on varying seasonal patterns, less pronounced in

tropical environments

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Document Summary

Polio is on the verge of eradication, with the last known case in the us in 1979. Herd immunity exists for some diseases, like tuberculosis in the us. Herd immunity is the ultimate goal of vaccines!!! Primary antibody response: the antibody concentration rises gradually and peaks about 2 weeks after vaccination. Secondary antibody response: the antibody concentration rises quickly, and the response is more intense. An adjuvant is a substance that is added to a vaccine to increase the body"s immune response to the vaccine. Active immunity: instilling into the recipient a modified form of the pathogen or material derived from it that induces immunity to disease (long-term protection) Passive immunity: instilling the products of the immune response (antibody or immune cells) into the recipient (short-term protection) Vaccination: injections of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against that organism. Vaccine: the product that produces immunity from a disease.

Related Questions

1) What is the most efficient and cost-effective way to control infectious diseases? A) variolation C) passive immunotherapy using immunoglobulins B) active immunization by vaccination D) immune testing E) autoimmunization 2) Variolation was first used _______ A) to immunize the Chinese against smallpox. B) to protect individuals against the plague during the Middle Ages. C) to spread smallpox throughout the Native American populations. D) to treat individuals exposed to hepatitis. E) for research purposes in the 20th century. 3) Almost a century after Edward Jenner introduced successful vaccination, Louis Pasteur developed vaccine(s) against A) anthrax. B) human cholera. C) rabies. D) influenza. E) both anthrax and rabies. 4) Pathogens may be attenuated for use in vaccines by ______ A) raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells. B) genetic manipulation. C) treatment with formaldehyde. D) genetic manipulation coupled with treatment with formaldehyde. E) genetic manipulation and/or raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells. 5) Which of the following statements regarding an inactivated vaccine is FALSE? A) It can be produced with deactivated whole microorganisms. B) It can be produced from antigenic fragments of a pathogen. C) It is safer than an attenuated vaccine. D) It is made from mutated forms of the pathogen. E) It is made from pathogens that cannot replicate. 6) Which of the following substances is commonly used to inactivate microbes before using them for vaccination? A) formaldehyde B) aluminum C) mineral oil D) saponin E) aluminum phosphate 7) What type of vaccine is the hepatitis B vaccine? A) inactivated whole pathogen B) attenuated vaccine C) toxoid vaccine D) a recombinant vaccine composed of a single antigen of the hepatitis virus E) a vaccine produced by treating the virus with formaldehyde 8) An infectious disease researcher isolates the pathogen responsible for an emerging disease. The microbe is grown in the lab for many generations. A preparation of the laboratory-grown microbe is treated with ionizing radiation and then tested for its potential as a vaccine. What type of vaccine is this? A) attenuated B) subunit C) combination D) toxoid E) inactivated whole 9) OPV, the attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine, is no longer administered in the U.S.A. because it A) is very toxic. B) does not provide good immunity. C) can revert to wild-type virulence. D) can be spread to contacts. E) can be spread to contacts and can revert to wild-type virulence. 10) Hybridomas are factories for antibodies and are produced by _____ A) combining two virus-infected cells. B) fusing plasma cells with myeloma cells. C) repeated culture of a pathogen until it loses its virulence. D) combining a viral infected cell with a bacterial infected cell. E) combining two bacterial infected cells. 11) The study and diagnosis of antigen-antibody interactions in the blood is known as _____ A) immunology. B) hematology. C) serology. D) cytology. E) histology. 12) Which type of antibody assay is represented in this figure? A) an indirect ELISA C) an indirect immunofluorescence assay B) a direct ELISA D) a western blot E) an immunodiffusion assay 13) Titration is a serological procedure that A) identifies the causative microbe of an infectious disease. B) determines the amount of an antibody in the blood. C) must be done before the western blot test to diagnose HIV. D) is used for blood grouping. E) has been replaced by genetic engineering in isolating the antigen of a pathogen. 14) A woman uses a home pregnancy test kit that tests for hCG hormone in urine. She knows this is a type of antibody assay from the kit brochure. Antibodies reacting with the hormone produce two lines on the test strip. What specific type of antibody assay does this represent? A) a direct immunofluoresence test C) an immunochromatographic assay B) a complement fixation test D) an ELISA E) a neutralization assay 15) The complement fixation test uses red blood cells as the target for complement activation. Test serum containing antibodies is combined with a known amount of antigen in a tube, and then the RBCs and antibodies against the RBCs are added. A positive result for the complement fixation test would be A) a line of precipitate near the bottom of the tube. C) loss of color in the tube. B) a cloudy solution in the tube. D) a fluorescent precipitate. E) a solution that is clear due to precipitation of RBCs.

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PH 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Influenza Vaccine, Herd Immunity, Edward Jenner

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