ANATOMY 201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Portal Vein, Hepatic Portal System, Hepatic Veins

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harlequinrhinoceros187

22 May 2018

School

UC-Irvine

Department

Anatomy and Neurobiology

Course

ANATOMY 201

Professor

Richard

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Thursday Lecture Notes:

Accessory Digestive Organs

Liver: Does a lot of things

Main thing it does: Protein synthesis and detoxifying us. Takes toxic elements from things we

consume and make it less toxic.

Location:

Liver is right underneath your ribs. The majority of it is on your right since your stomach takes

up the majority of space on the left.

Right lobe: Larger of the two lobes and is closer to where the stomach is sitting.

Left lobe: Smaller

If you look at the liver from underneath there are other lobes

1. Caudate Lobe

2. Quadrate Lobe

There is a structure where we have a bile duct and vessels- this is referred to as the Hilum of

the liver. This is where majority of the blood flow goes into the organ. A lot of blood is going

into the liver.

Liver:

Protein synthesis and processing nutrients and detoxification. It comes into our body through

eating and drinking. We have a specific system that allows for nutrients and toxins to make its

way from digestive system directly into the liver.

Enterocytes- move nutrients from digestive system into blood.

Blood goes to liver for processing.

Hepatic portal system- leaves intestines and goes to liver where if it is toxic it gets detoxified,

and gets broken down further.

-A series of veins that go from intestines to liver.

-Hepatic portal vein runs from intestines to liver. After processing of things in liver, you have a

hepatic vein that takes nicely cleaned and processed stuff to the heart where it circulates

throughout the circulatory system.

-It enters into the Hilum

Structures of Liver:

1. Hepatic Lobule: Hexagon shaped structure made up of cells. These cells are known as

hepatocytes. Pink things that are responsible for the production of bile. Bile is a substance

secreted by hepatocytes in liver which moves to intestines so that it can break down fat, breaks

down fat into more digestible components.

Ex: Greasy pan and you put water in it, if you put soap in there the fat moves away from the

soap and breaks into smaller components. Bile works the same way- it is a detergent in a way

and when it comes into contact with fat it makes the fat break down.

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Venous Components:

Blood goes to Hepatic Lobule through Hepatic Portal vein. At each lobule, you see a series of

veins matched with an artery and green is a bile duct.

The bile duct, portal venule, and portal arterie is known as the portal triad.

Capillary bed: Liver Sinusoids, run through a network of hepatocytes (pink squares). So

substance is secreted by hepatocytes to get inside blood for detoxification, and nutrients from

blood gets into hepatocytes so it can be processed.

In the middle, there is a central hepatic vein

After central vein, it goes to Interlobular veins to hepatic vein

Hepatic Macrophages: Destroys bad bacteria, etc. in food.

Artery Components:

Arterial blood supply- Coming to hepatocytes from arteries in the triad. Providing energy rich,

oxygen rich blood to hepatocytes so they can get energy to do what they need to do.

Bile Duct:

Bile Canaliculi: Tiny bile tubes, carry bile made from the hepatocytes all the way to the bile duct

at the portal triad. From the portal triad, the bile will make its way out of the liver. From the

Bile ducts, it eventually makes its way to intestine.

Histology:

Primary cell in liver: Hepatocyte

Histology will have a lot of hepatocytes.

Portal triad will also be there

Cirrhosis:

Cirrhosis: Scarring of the liver

Ex: Alcohol is a toxin, so our liver works really hard to break alcohol down into something that

will not affect other body cells.

If you drink a lot of alcohol and consistently put toxins into liver, you will have long term

inflammation in the liver. Constant inflammation leads to fluid building up from capilalries and

tissues, if it stays in a long time it can produce fibers (scar tissue) and over time the scars will

get very severe.

The liver will appeared to be scarred and damaged to the point where they are cutting off the

blood flow through the liver sinusoids.

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Document Summary

Main thing it does: protein synthesis and detoxifying us. Takes toxic elements from things we consume and make it less toxic. The majority of it is on your right since your stomach takes up the majority of space on the left. Right lobe: larger of the two lobes and is closer to where the stomach is sitting. If you look at the liver from underneath there are other lobes: caudate lobe, quadrate lobe. There is a structure where we have a bile duct and vessels- this is referred to as the hilum of the liver. This is where majority of the blood flow goes into the organ. A lot of blood is going into the liver. It comes into our body through eating and drinking. We have a specific system that allows for nutrients and toxins to make its way from digestive system directly into the liver. Enterocytes- move nutrients from digestive system into blood.

Related Questions

1) The parasympathetic nervous system generally promotesdigestion. Innervation is via the vagus nerve. Ach binds tomuscarinic receptors. True or False?

2) Which of the following statements is correct?

a) The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic arteryand deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. Branches ofboth veins carry blood into liver sinusoids. Hepatocytes absorboxygen, most of the nutrients, and some toxins. Needed substancesare secreted back into the blood. Blood then drains into thecentral vein and into a hepatic vein.

b) The liver receives deoxygenated blood from the hepatic arteryand oxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. Branches of bothveins carry blood into liver sinusoids. Hepatocytes absorb oxygen,most of the nutrients, and some toxins. Needed substances aresecreted back into the blood. Blood then drains into the centralvein and into a hepatic vein.

c) The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic arteryand deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. Branches ofboth veins carry blood into liver central vein. Hepatocytes absorboxygen, most of the nutrients, and some toxins. Needed substancesare secreted back into the blood. Blood then drains into thesinusoids and into a hepatic vein.

d) The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic arteryand deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. Branches ofboth veins carry blood into liver sinusoids. Kupffer cells absorboxygen, most of the nutrients, and some toxins. Needed substancesare secreted back into the blood. Blood then drains into thecentral vein and into a hepatic artery.

3) Regulation of secretion of saliva involves:

a) Parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation

b)Action of the inferior and superior salivatory nuclei in themedulla

c)Activity of the myenteric plexus

d)Activity of the submucosal plexus

4) Bile formed in the liver is transported to the gall bladderfor storage through which pathway? (Some steps may be omitted)

a)Bile duct, right and left hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct,cystic duct

b)Common hepatic duct, right and left hepatic ducts, bile duct,cystic duct

c) Right and left hepatic ducts, bile ducts, common hepaticduct, cystic duct

d) Bile ducts, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, right and lefthepatic ducts

5)Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a)Sodium ions are transported out of absorptive cells bybasolateral sodium pumps.

b) Negatively charged ions follow sodium or are moved out byactive transport.

c)Most water soluble vitamins are absorbed by activetransport.

d) Water absorption in the GI tract involves osmosis

6) Insulin is needed for carbohydrate metabolism because it

a)is required for the breakdown of complex carbohydrates

b)transports glucose in the bloodstream.

c)acts as a glucose receptor molecule on the cell surface.

d) is part of an active transport mechanism required for entryof glucose into cells

e)increases the insertion of a particular type of glucosetransport protein into the cell membrane

burgundygnat457

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

maroonguinea-pig686

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body. The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum. 1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

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ANATOMY 201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Portal Vein, Hepatic Portal System, Hepatic Veins

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