ANATOMY 201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Intercalated Disc, Cardiac Muscle, Gap Junction

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harlequinrhinoceros187

2 Apr 2018

School

UC-Irvine

Department

Anatomy and Neurobiology

Course

ANATOMY 201

Professor

Richard

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Document Summary

When you look at cardiac muscle, you see stripes again. The a band and the i bad are made of actin and myosin. Cardiac has the same basic structure as striated muscle, which gives it striped appearance. When a muscle cell gets a signal from a nerve to contract, it depolarizes. In cardiac, you have the presence of gap junctions. They hold two cells together and have cells which allows intracellular fluid of one cell to communicate with another: when one cell depolarizes, the gap junction allows for the adjoining cell to depolarize as well. The interstitial fluids of each communicate with one another. Instead of having a nerve go to lots of place, you have one nerve going to many different cardiac cells. The signal is shared by all cardiac cells: all of the heart muscle contracts at once because all of the cells are linked.

Related Questions

1)What type of cell allows the immune system to respond morequickly if the same antigen is encountered a second time?

A)leukocytes

B)memory cells

C)macrophages

D)neutrophils

E)natual killer cells

2)why is the heart divided funtionally into two separate pumpsthat work in series?

A)because arteries carry blood away from the pump and veinsbring blood back to the pump

B)because blood decreases in pressure as it travels throughcirculation

C)because vessles in the vasculature keep blood moving in onedirection'

D)because there are four chambers to the heart

E)none of the above-the heart contracts in unison and is notdivided into two pumps

3)which of the following statements is correct?

A)Na+,K+, Ca2+ and Cl- are all more concentrated in theEXTRACELLULAR fluid

B)Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl- are all more concentrated in theEXTRACELLULAR fluid

C)Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- are all more concentrated in theEXTRACELLULAR fluid

D)K+, ca2+ are more concentrated in the EXTRACELLULAR fluid

E)K+, Ca2+ are more concentrated in the EXTRACELLULAR fluid

3)During skeletal muscle contraction:

A)the width of the H-zone decreases

B)the actin heads bind to myosin chain

C)ATP hydrolysis requires Ca2+ as a cofactor

D)tropomyosin changes conformation when Ca2+ binds

E)all of the above occur during skeletal muscle contraction

4)The rapid depolarization phase of myocardial contratile cellaction potential is due to the movement of which ion(s)?

A)Ca2+ flows into the cytosol

B)K+ flow out of the cytosol

C)Na+ flow into the cytosol

D)Ca2+ flow out of the cytosol

E)K+ flow into the cytosol

5)You are a physiology graduate student asked to study theeffect of ion permeability on the initiation of action potentials.You have isolated a cell with resting membrane potential of -70mVand have determined that the cell's threshold voltage is -55mV. Youthen change the cell to make it less permeable to K+ ions(Eions=-90mV)

With all ther condition staying the same, has cell's restingmembrane potential been DEPOLARIZED or HYPERPOLARIZED; and will thecell require a greater or smaller stimulus to reach threshold?

A)hyperpolarize; smaller

B)depolarize;greater

C)hyperpolarize;greater

D)depolarized; smaller

E)none of the above answers are possibe

6)Skeletal muscle cells are UNUSUAL in that they :

A)lack smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B)have no mitochondria

C)depend entirley on anaerobic respiration

D)have MULTIPLE nuclei

E)none of the baove are found in the skeletal muscle cells

7)What is the name for the autonomic nervous system synapses atthe neuroeffector?

A)electrical synapses

B)axon viscosities

C)bidirectional synapses

D)axon varicosities

E)light bulb synapse

8)Which cytokines are involvedin making cells resistant toviruses?

A)colony-stimulating actors

B)interferons

C)erythrpoietin

D)major histocompatibility complex

E)none of the above can make a cell resistant to a virus

9)If a person switiches from normal breathing to more shallowbreathing, whcih statement is true

A)tidal volume decreases

B)alveolar PO2 decreases

C)alveolar ventilation decreases

D)"a" and "b"

E)"a", "b', and "c"

10)Which scenerio supports hyperpolarization of pre-synapticcell?

A)allowing Cl- ions into the cell

B)allowing K+ ions to leave the cell

C)allowing Ca2+ ions into the cell

D)"a" and "b"

E)"a", "b", and "c"

11)The gap junctions in cardia muscle are part of specializedcell junctions that are localized to the__________.

A)transverse tubules

B)intercalated discs

C)Interdigitated fingers

D)desmosomes

E)high-end shppoinf malls

12)What role does myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) play insmooth muscle cell contraction?

A)dephosphorylates myosin

B)phosphorylates actin

C)phosphoylates myosin

D)dephosphorylates actin

E)both "a" and "c"Given that your forearm is 30cm long and yourbiceps inserts 2 cm away from your elbow joint, how much force mustyour biceps exert to hold up a 10kg weight?

A)0.67kg

B)6.0kg

C)20kg

d)150kg

e)600kg

erinbadger748

Hello everyone, i'm working on thesepractices multiple choices for my finals. If you know any of theseanswer, please help. i appreciate your time and your help. Thankyou!!!

1. ___ Which of thefollowing statements about the cytoskeleton is false?

(a) The cytoskeletonis made up of three types of protein filament.

(b) The bacterialcytoskeleton is important for cell division and DNAsegregation.

(d) The cytoskeleton of acell can change in response to the environment.

2. ___ Which of thestatements below about intermediate filaments is false?

(a) They can stayintact in cells treated with concentrated salt solutions.

(b) They can befound in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

(d) Each filament is about10 ?m in diameter.

3. ___ Keratins,neurofilaments, and vimentins are all categories of intermediatefilaments. Which of the following properties below is nottrue of these types of intermediate filaments?

(a) They strengthencells against mechanical stress.

(b) Dimers associateby noncovalent bonding to form a tetramer.

(d) Phosphorylation causesdisassembly during every mitotic cycle.

4. ___ Which of thefollowing statements about microtubules is true?

(a) Motor proteinsmove in a directional fashion along microtubules by using theinherent structural polarity of a protofilament.

(b) The centromerenucleates the microtubules of the mitotic spindle.

(d) ATP hydrolysis by atubulin heterodimer is important for controlling the growth of amicrotubule.

5. ___ Thehydrolysis of GTP to GDP carried out by tubulin molecules________________.

(a) provides theenergy needed for tubulin to polymerize

(b) occurs becausethe pool of free GDP has run out

(d) allows the behavior ofmicrotubules called dynamic instability

6. ___ The microtubulesin a cell form a structural framework that can have all thefollowing functions except which of the following?

(a) holding internalorganelles such as the Golgi apparatus in particular positions inthe cell

(b) creating longthin cytoplasmic extensions that protrude from one side of thecell

(d) moving materials fromone place to another inside a cell

7. ___ Which of thefollowing statements about organellar movement in the cell isfalse?

(a) Organellesundergo saltatory movement in the cell.

(b) Only themicrotubule cytoskeleton is involved in organellar movement.

(d) Organelles areattached to the tail domain of motor proteins.

8. ___ Which of thefollowing statements is correct?

Kinesins and dyneins____________________.

(a) have tails thatbind to the filaments

(b) move along bothmicrotubules and actin filaments

(d) derive their energyfrom GTP hydrolysis

9. ___ Cell movementinvolves the coordination of many events in the cell. Which of thefollowing phenomena are not required for cell motility?

(a) Myosin-mediatedcontraction at the rear of the moving cell.

(b) Integrinassociation with the extracellular environment.

(d) Release ofCa²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

10. ___Which of the followingstructures shorten during muscle contraction?

(a) myosinfilaments

(b) flagella

(d) actin filaments

7. ___ Referring to Figure Q16-29,which of the following statements below is false?

(a) A constitutivelyactive mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would lead to adecrease in the amount of unphosphorylated phosphorylasekinase.

(b) A constitutivelyactive mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would notincrease the affinity of adrenaline for the adrenergicreceptor.

(c) A constitutivelyactive mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would lead to anexcess in the amount of glucose available.

(d) A constitutivelyactive mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would lead to anexcess in the amount of glycogen available.

8. ___ Match the targetof the G protein with the appropriate signaling outcome.

adenylyl cyclase________ A. cleavageof inositol phospholipids

ion channels_________ B.increase in cAMP levels

phospholipase C_________ C. changes in membranepotential

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