ANATOMY 201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Portal Triad, Bile Duct, Hepatic Veins

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In the middle, there is a central hepatic vein
After central vein, it goes to Interlobular veins to hepatic vein
Hepatic Macrophages: Destroys bad bacteria, etc. in food.
Artery Components:
Arterial blood supply- Coming to hepatocytes from arteries in the triad. Providing energy rich,
oxygen rich blood to hepatocytes so they can get energy to do what they need to do.
Bile Duct:
Bile Canaliculi: Tiny bile tubes, carry bile made from the hepatocytes all the way to the bile duct
at the portal triad. From the portal triad, the bile will make its way out of the liver. From the
Bile ducts, it eventually makes its way to intestine.
Histology:
Primary cell in liver: Hepatocyte
Histology will have a lot of hepatocytes.
Portal triad will also be there
Cirrhosis:
Cirrhosis: Scarring of the liver
Ex: Alcohol is a toxin, so our liver works really hard to break alcohol down into something that
will not affect other body cells.
If you drink a lot of alcohol and consistently put toxins into liver, you will have long term
inflammation in the liver. Constant inflammation leads to fluid building up from capilalries and
tissues, if it stays in a long time it can produce fibers (scar tissue) and over time the scars will
get very severe.
The liver will appeared to be scarred and damaged to the point where they are cutting off the
blood flow through the liver sinusoids.
Sinusoids detoxify things- they start to become slightly inflamed. If you constantly cause
inflammation to period of cells over time, they get destroyed and scarred down. So severe that
they block the blood flow of liver. As you close off sinusoids, you have back pressure of blood
building in and out of the liver. So, the pressure gets so high that the fluid and plasma
component of blood leaks out into the abdominal cavity. The term for that is liver ascites
Ascites- build up of fluid in liver cavity due to build up of pressure in liver.
Solution: A really big syringe and suck out fluids and drain the person out.
The liver is permanately damaged so it will repeat itself over and over again.
If your liver does not allow for blood to get into sinusoids, you end up with a leak. If blood is not
getting into sinusoids, you have decreased potential for nutrient uptake, detoxification of the
blood, etc.
You can end up with a lot of body systems going downhill fast.
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Liver failure- losing a lot of muscle mass.
Liver makes proteins needed to make tissues for many organs
So you can see all organs of the body affected- leads to death
The Gallbladder and Biliary System:
-Bile is made by liver and goes to a lot of different places
-Gallbladder hangs out on the underside the of bladder.
-Gallbladder is a sac that is holding bile. A location for bile storage.
How bile gets to the gallbladder:
-Bile comes out of liver, made by hepatocytes, goes into canniculi, canniculi makes it into the
bile duct at triad, then it goes to larger and larger bile vessels and tubes as it works to leave the
liver.
-Two largest tubes leaving liver:
A. Left and Right hepatic duct- drains bile produced by the left and right lobe of the liver. As
they leave the liver through the hilum, they are going to merge. The left and right hepatic duct
merge to make the common hepatic duct. The common hepatic duct will branch to common
hepatic duct, then cystic duct shoots off to edge towards gallbladder, and in the middle you
have the common bile duct which works its way into the small intestine.
If sall itestie does’t eed bile, it closes a sphincter so bile being produced by liver runs
into resistance and forces its way back to the cystic duct and into the gallbladder until it is time
to squirt it out again.
When you do need it, gallbladder to cystic duct to common bile duct to small intestines.
Gall Stones:
-Sometimes the bile held in the gallbladder can turn into stones. Gall stones when they are
sitting there is not a huge deal and it wont do too much damage.
HOWEVER
When gall stones get really large, they can start to block the flow of bile completely. If it sits in
one place too long, your body starts to break it down as an immune response to get rid of it. It
gets rotten and your body breaks it down which leads to swelling and inflammation of the
gallbladder. It can cause pain, digestion, trouble processing fats, etc.
Solution:
1. Get your gallbladder out. It looks the same as removing your appendix.
2. Not having one is not the end of the world for most people. They cannot eat super fatty
meals but in general it does not make a huge difference on their quality of life.
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Document Summary

In the middle, there is a central hepatic vein. After central vein, it goes to interlobular veins to hepatic vein. Hepatic macrophages: destroys bad bacteria, etc. in food. Arterial blood supply- coming to hepatocytes from arteries in the triad. Providing energy rich, oxygen rich blood to hepatocytes so they can get energy to do what they need to do. Bile canaliculi: tiny bile tubes, carry bile made from the hepatocytes all the way to the bile duct at the portal triad. From the portal triad, the bile will make its way out of the liver. Bile ducts, it eventually makes its way to intestine. Ex: alcohol is a toxin, so our liver works really hard to break alcohol down into something that will not affect other body cells. If you drink a lot of alcohol and consistently put toxins into liver, you will have long term inflammation in the liver.

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