BIO SCI 97 Lecture Notes - Nonsense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Telomerase

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21 Jan 2014

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Single stranded: dna synthesis occurs in the: 5" 3" direction. Dna polymerase is an enzyme that extends a dna chain, takes the individual nucleotide triphosphates and joins them together to make a long dna polymer. The 5" end of the dna has a phosphate group on it while the 3" end has a hydroxyl group on it. The way it extends the chain is by incorporating a nucleotide triphosphate at the 3" end of the dna; the 3" hydroxyl attaches to the triphosphate group of the nucleotide triphosphate, liberating pyrophosphate to form a phosphodiester bond. The energy of the hydrolysis is the energy used in making the dna molecule/chain. Dideoxynuelotide termination of elongation: you are analyzing a piece of dna from an unknown organism and see that there is only one origin of replication. Replication only occurs in the s-phase of interphase cycle: label each protein involved in dna replication and label the leading and lagging strand.

Related Questions

Please answer all

Why does a template-dependent DNA polymerase require a primer to initiate DNA synthesis?

	DNA polymerase require 5' phosphate to add a new nucleotide
	DNA polymerase require 3' hydroxyl group to add a new nucleotide

DNA polymerase require energy by hydrolizing the primers

Which of the following enzymes is template independent?

	Reverse transcriptase
	Klenow fragment

	DNA polymerase
	Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

RNA polymerase

The natural function of a DNA ligase enzyme is:

	Joining together DNA sequences with compatible cohesive ends from two different organisms to yield a recombinant DNA molecule
	Sealing single stranded nicks in double stranded DNA molecules

	Joining together two blunt ended fragments of DNA within a cell
	Joining together two single stranded DNA molecules

The natural function of 3' -> 5' exonuclease activity of a DNA polymerase is to:

	Remove the 5' end of the DNA strand that is being copied
	Remove damaged nucleotide from the template strand

	Remove nucleotides from the end of DNA to generate blunt ends
	Remove incorrect nucleotides from the newly synthesized DNA

Which technique is used to resolve the different sizes of DNA fragments?

	Gene cloning
	PCR

	DNA sequencing
	Gel electrophoresis

Which of the following vectors does not contain bacterial origin of replication (oriC)?

	plasmid
	cosmid

	bacterial artificial chromosome
	lambda vector

Which process of bacteriophage is not used for gene cloning?

	Concatemer formation
	Lytic cycle

	Lysogenic cycle
	viral packaging

What vector would be best suited for creating a contig of bovine (cattle) chromosome 10?

	lambda vector
	Cosmid vector

	P1 vector
	Plasmid

E. coli takes up plasmid DNA by which of the following methods?

	Transduction
	Transformation

	Conjugation
	Transfection

The following times and temperatures are an example of the steps for PCR. You can use the Figure to help you answer the following questions.

Why is the first step is carried out at 94Â°C?

	To degrade the template
	To denature the template

	To activate the polymerase
	To facilitate the primer binding

What happens in the reaction when the temperature shifts to 55Â°C during cycling?

	the DNA polymerase will carry out DNA synthesis by extending the annealed primers
	the DNA polymerase will finish DNA synthesis

	the primers anneal to the single-stranded regions of the DNA
	the primers anneal to the double-stranded regions of the DNA

During cycling, what occurs when the temperature is at 72Â°C?

	the primers anneal to the double-stranded regions of the DNA
	the DNA polymerase will carry out DNA synthesis by extending the annealed primers

	the primers anneal to the single-stranded regions of the DNA
	the DNA polymerase will finish DNA synthesis

You designed a set of primers to amplify 1 kb DNA with polymerase chain reaction. By which cycle of polymerase chain reaction, we would expect to see the first double stranded DNA with expected size?

	The end of cycle 1
	The end of cycle 2

	The end of cycle3
	The end of cycle 4

1. Unlike DNA, RNA contains

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

Nucleic acid structure

2. In transcription, uracil will bond with:

thymine

cytosine

adenine

guanine

Transcription

3. The first team of scientist to document the structure of DNA was:

Franklin and Wilkins

Watson and Crick

Pauling and Chargoff

None of the above

DNA structure

4. Organelles that synthesize protein are:

lysosomes

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi bodies

5. Most of the time in a cell's life, it's DNA is in the form of:

Chromatin

Chromatids

Replicated chromosomes

Spindle fibers

6. Uracil is a nitrogen base that pairs with adenine. Using this information, one could conclude that uracil is a:

Purine

Pyrimidine

Neither a purine or pyrimidine

Not enough information

7. a nucleotide does not consist of a:

polymerase

5-carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogen base

8. The genetic code in DNA of an individual depends on the sequence (order) of:

nucleotides

purines only

phosphates

sugars

9. Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA in a process known as:

translation

transformation

transcription

replication

10. The basic unit (building block) of a protein is a (an):

carbohydrate

amino acid

lipid

hydrogen bond

11. Unlike DNA, RNA contains:

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

12. The structure of DNA was first documented in:

1945

1953

1956

1962

13. In DNA replication, the new molecules produced are:

of unequal length

both assembled in the same direction

built with purines as the backbone

assembled in opposite directions

DNA replication

14. The "backbone" of DNA is composed of:

ribose and phosphates

deoxyribose and phosphates

ribose and uracil

deoxyribose and thymine

DNA structure

15. RNA differs from DNA in which of the following ways?

RNA is single-stranded

RNA contains ribose

RNA does not contain thymine

All of the above

DNA structure

16. Which of the following is NOT required for the transcription process itself?

RNA polymerase

DNA

uracil-containing nucleotides

ribosomes

skyhamster121

What happens when RNA polymerase hits a nonsense mutation?
a. Transcription stops because nonsense is the same as stop.
b. Translation stops because nonsense encodes stop.
c. Transcription continues until a transcription termination site is reached.
d. Replication con5inues until a ter site is reached which terminates replication. e. none of the above

9. A frame-shift mutation
a. can cause premature translation termination.
b. can be caused by the addition or removal of a base pair. c. can cause the production of a truncated protein.
d. aandc
e. all of the above

10. PCR, polymerase chain reaction requires: a. an RNA template.
b. a thermo-tolerant DNA polymerase.
c. primers that have a 3â- Phosphate.

d. dideoxy nucleotide triphosphates for polymerization. e. bandc

1/ Some bacteria use _______ enzymes as a defense mechanism; these enzymes cut up foreign _______.

a. modification;DNA
b. restriction; DNA
c. restriction; RNA
d. modification: Protein e. modification; RNA

2/ The addition of _______ groups to their DNA is one method used by bacteria to prevent their own DNA from being cut by restriction enzymes.
a. phosphate
b. acetly

c. methyl
d. nicatinamide e. adenyl

3/ Which of the following is a palindromic recognition sequence? a. 5 Ì. . . CAATAG . . . 3 Ì
b. 5 Ì. . . CAATTG . . . 3 Ì
c. 5 Ì. . . CATTTG . . . 3 Ì

d. 5 Ì. . . GATTTC . . . 3 Ì e. 5 Ì. . . CATCAT . . . 3 Ì

4/ DNA, because it has a _______ charge, moves to the _______ end of the field in gel electrophoresis; _______ DNA molecules migrate the most quickly.
a. positive; positive; smaller
b. positive; positive; larger

c. positive; negative; smaller

d. negative; positive; larger e. negative; positive; smaller

5. A 10 base-pair single-stranded DNA fragment was cut by three different restriction enzymes to produce the following fragments:
(1) AC, TAC, and GGATG
(2) TA, CGG, and ATGAC

(3) GAC, GAT, and TACG

The nucleotide sequence of the ten-base fragment is a. ATGCCTACTG.
b. TACGGATGAC.
c. GGATGACTAC.

d. GACGATTACG.
e. The sequence cannot be determined from the information given.

BIO SCI 97 Lecture Notes - Nonsense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Telomerase

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