PUBHLTH 2 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Haramaya University, Hand Sanitizer, Droopy

171 views5 pages

yellowturtle239

16 Jan 2018

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Case: multistate outbreak of human salmonella infections linked to live. Nearly 19,000 hospitalizations were caused by salmonella [1]. Clinic, salmonella is a common bacterial disease that infects the intestinal tract of typically animals and humans [2]. It can be caused by eating raw or undercooked meat or poultry, in addition to being in contact with live poultry and forgetting to wash your hands. 1. 2 issues illnesses annually in the united states [1]. According to the mayo clinic, symptoms occur within. Salmonella can affect people all of all gender and age. Salmonella has cause 1. 2 million: nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea. According to the cdc, live poultry kept in backyard flocks remains an important cause. The cdc"s decision to use information from the salmonella outbreak of backyard poultry. It"s very common for every raw poultry producer to come across salmonella bacteria. 1. 3 additional information of human salmonella infection in the u. s [1].

Related Questions

44.Charlotte touches a doorknob after an individual with MRSA touched the doorknob. Immediately after touching the knob, Charlotte scratches her leg and transmits some MRSA cells into a small wound.The doorknob is functioning as a(n) a. etiologic agent. c. mode of transmission. b. reservoir. d. host. 44.A man infected with a viral respiratory infection sneezes and releases tiny droplets containing viral particles. Two minutes later, a woman breathes in some of these tiny droplets and becomes infected by the same viral infection. The movement of this virus from one individual to another is best described as the a. etiologic agent. c. mode of transmission. b. reservoir. d. host. 45. Although sporadic outbreaks of measles occur in the United States, the disease is considered nonendemic. What differentiates measles from endemic diseases, such as chickenpox? a. Endemic diseases exhibit higher numbers of cases than a sporadic outbreak. b. Diseases that are not endemic lack a reservoir in the area. c. Endemic diseases do not exhibit sporadic outbreaks. d. Diseases that are not endemic remain in reservoirs without infecting humans. 46. Which of the following would indicate efforts to control a disease are working? a. The disease becomes endemic. b. The disease prevalence increases. c. The disease incidence decreases. d. Outbreaks of the disease only occur every other year. 47. Which of the following statements describes one of the three steps of surveillance used for infectious diseases? a. Patients with infectious diseases are required to be seen by a physician at the CDC. b. Physicians are required to submit all patient records electronically to the CDC for review. c. Patient charts are reviewed by an infection control practitioner when an infectious disease is suspected. d. Incidence data is collected in all cases of bacterial infections within the United States. 48. Which of the following lists correctly identifies nosocomial infections from most common to least common? a. urinary tract, pneumonia, septicemia b. pneumonia, urinary tract, surgical wounds c. septicemia, surgical wounds, diarrhea d. diarrhea, urinary tract, pneumonia 49. Mary, an elderly woman with an indwelling catheter, is admitted to a local hospital for treatment of pneumonia. Three days after her admission, Maryâs husband receives a call from the hospital. He is informed that Mary has a nosocomial infection. Which of the following statements is true? a. The nosocomial infection referred to is pneumonia. b. Mary has most likely developed a urinary tract infection. c. Of all hospital patients, 25â30% develop nosocomial infections. d. Maryâs nosocomial infection could have been prevented with improved ventilation. 50. A nurse working in a large hospital harbors MRSA as part of the normal microbiota in his nose. He is most likely the source of a MRSA outbreak if a. infected patients have all had been cared for by this nurse and the isolates are identical. b. the patients are all elderly and the isolates of MRSA are not genetically identical. c. all of the infected patients were seen by the same physician and half of the patients were cared for by this nurse. d. all of the infected patients are on the same floor of the hospital and all have a history of heart problems. 51. Which of the following is NOT an example of aseptic technique? a. use of antiseptic on skin prior to insertion of an IV line b. use of latex gloves during the insertion of an indwelling catheter c. disinfection of doorknobs and other inert surfaces d. use of trash can liners in all patient rooms 52. An individual case of diphtheria, a notifiable infectious disease, in a patient in Florida is confirmed by laboratory testing. This patientâs physician would be required to a. send a letter to the WHO in Geneva, Switzerland. b. contact the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia. c. treat the patient regardless of health insurance status. d. quarantine the patient for eight weeks. 53. Fifteen individuals within one province in China are diagnosed with SARS. Epidemiologists will most likely a. quarantine the entire province immediately. b. contact the CDC in the United States to see if any cases were reported in the United States. c. wait to see if more cases of SARS are reported. d. try to identify the index case. 54. How does vaccinating wild rodents or poultry influence human health? a. Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry has no effect on human health. b. Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry reduces transmission of zoonotic diseases to humans. c. Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry reduces the migration of microbes into temperate regions. d. Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry increases the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. 55. Which of the following scenarios would help meet the goal of the One Health Initiative? a. vaccinating poultry against avian influenza to prevent influenza from being transmitted to humans b. taking steps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to reduce the effects of climate change c. providing sanitation after flooding events to prevent gastrointestinal infections in humans d. increasing compliance during antibiotic treatment of tuberculosis patients to prevent emergence of drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis 56. If humans continue to develop rapid transportation systems into more parts of the world, we should expect to see a. pandemics tracing the path of the transportation systems. b. an increase in detection of blood-borne pathogens. c. a decrease in human encroachment into tropical rain forests. d. an increase in the spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. 57. How has the AIDS pandemic influenced reemerging diseases? a. AIDS has increased the number of immunocompromised individuals who are susceptible to diseases that were previously declining in developed countries. b. AIDS has led to an increase in the number of disease vectors throughout the world. c. AIDS has increased the prevalence of protozoal and parasitic infections that were declining in underdeveloped countries. d. AIDS has caused evolution to occur in diseases that were close to being eradicated in all countries. 58. Which of the following is likely to occur as a result of climate change? a. Insect vectors will migrate from tropical regions to once-temperate regions. b. Gastrointestinal infections will decrease in tropical regions. c. Microbes currently found in temperate regions will move to tropical regions. d. Extreme weather will decrease and diseases will become less seasonal. 59. What features would allow a virus to be used effectively as a bioweapon? a. a high infectious dose c. person-to-person transmission b. transmission via an insect vector d. quick pathogen detection systems

Case 1: X-linked Agmmaglobulinemia

1. Bill was will for the first 10 months of this life. how do explain this

2. Patients with immunodeficiency diseases should never be given live viral vaccines. Several male infants with X-linked agammaglobulineia have been given live oral polio vaccine and have developed paralytic poliomyelitis. What sequence of events led to the development of polio in these boys?

3. Bills recurrent infections were due almost exclusively to Streptococcus and Haemophilus species. Theses bacteria have a slimy capsule composed primarily of polysaccharide polymers, which protect them from all direct attack by phagocytes. Humans make IgG2 antibodies against theses polysaccharide polymers. The IgG2 antibodies opsonize the bacteria by fixing complement on their surface, thereby facilitating the rapid uptake of theses bacteria by phagocytic cells. What other genetic defect in the immune system might clinically mimic X-linked agammaglobulinemia?

On saturday May 19th, Buckeye County Health Department Staff are continuing to perform phone interviews with affected individuals. The hospital reports 3 new cases today: 2 students and 1 staff member from Northside Elementary School. The superintendent of Buckeye County School District contacts Buckeye County Health Department to discuss whether or not the school should be closed until a cause can be determined. On sunday May 20th, Preliminary analysis of the data from the initial phone interviews reveals that all cases, including those at the hospital, are limited to the individuals at the school, nursing home and surrounding neighborhood. The hospital reports 1 new case and the nursing home reports 2 new cases today. No cause has yet been identified. The PIO prepares a press release describing what is happening and what steps are being taken to investigate and control the outbreak. On monday May 21st at 9:00 AM , Buckeye School District elects to close Northside Elementary School pending further investigation. The hospital and nursing home report all cases are negative for the most common causes of atypical pneumonia (see note above). Buckeye County Health Department (BCHD) conducts a conference call with the State Health Department (SHD) and Ms. Dolor, the IP from Smallsville Hospital to determine what additional samples should be submitted for further testing and where they should be sent. After reviewing the histories and the consensus of the expert opinions, they decide to perform additional tests for Francisella tularensis, Hantavirus and Coxiella burnetti. Ms. Dolor agrees to collect the samples that the experts recommend and ship them overnight to the corresponding lab. On wednesday May 23rd at 11:00 AM, The hospital reports two new cases today; no new cases have been identified at the nursing home or elementary school. You also received a call from the SHD reporting the results of the additional tests for the first 6 patients: All six were positive for Q-Fever (Coxiella burnetii) on PCR. Q-Fever is a nationally notifiable disease in the US, so the BCHD and the SHD contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to report these cases and to request assistance in continuing the epidemiologic investigation. The PIO prepares another press release. Because Q-Fever is a Zoonotic disease associated with agriculture as well as a designated Class B Bioterrorism agent, the Buckeye County Health Department and the SHD deliberate about who else should be involved in the investigation and response. On wednesday, May 23 at 11:30 am BCHD, SHD, State Animal Health Office (SAHO), Local Law Enforcement, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), CDC and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) conduct a conference call. The decision is made to have each agency investigate the possible source of the outbreak most relevant to their area of expertise. ï· BCHD, with support from SHD and CDC, will focus on the patients and explore possible foodborne and occupational sources of exposure. ï· The Local Law Enforcement and the FBI will investigate possible bioterrorism or a criminal act as the source of exposure. ï· SAHO, in conjunction with USDAâAPHISâVS, will investigate any link to agriculture and test the hypothesis that this outbreak is the result of airborne contamination from nearby farms. Question: AS THE INVESTIGATION GROWS AND THE PUBLIC STARTS TO WORRY, WHO MIGHT YOU INVOLVE TO HELP WITH EDUCATION ABOUT Q-FEVER?

PUBHLTH 2 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Haramaya University, Hand Sanitizer, Droopy

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

PUBHLTH 2 Lecture 26:

PUBHLTH 2 Lecture 27:

PUBHLTH 2 Lecture Notes - Lecture 28: Health Belief Model

Related Questions