BIOL 104 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Cell Wall, Meristem, Ground Tissue
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If you examine plant life in a very arid place like deathvalley, you may find some herbaceous desert plants that do not have any anatomical features for water conservation. How would you expect this as someone who has studied botany?
A. they absorb moisture from the atmosphere during night | |||||||||||||||||||||
B. they can grow with very little available water. | |||||||||||||||||||||
C. they can exist and grow for long periods on stored water. | |||||||||||||||||||||
D. they complete life cycle within the short time there is sufficient moisture. | |||||||||||||||||||||
E. they use crassulacean acid metabolism pathway Which of the following is a difference between a prairie grassland and a savanna grassland?
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1. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.
The large white part of a Brazil nut that people eat serves which of the following functions in nature?
A. It serves as protection for the embryo from agoutis looking for food. | ||||||||||||||||
B. It attracts harpy eagles and encourages them to nest in the tree. | ||||||||||||||||
C. It provides energy and nutrition to a germinating seedling. | ||||||||||||||||
D. It provides a water source for the developing embryo. 2. Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers in an inflorescence of up to 250 flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. Six to eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers produced fruit (K. N. Paige and T. G. Whitham. 1985. Individual and population shifts in flower color by scarlet gilia: A mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science 227:315-17).
3. Mistletoe is a plant that lives on trees and gains nutrition from them (that is, it is a parasite). The fruit of the mistletoe is a one-seeded berry and is consumed by birds. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? The fruit ________.
4. When a scientist describes the "body plan" of a phylum, he or she is implying that ________.
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Review question its 1-12 sorry for the xtra questions in the bottom 1:2D chromatography is so named because ____ A: there are two steps: labeling with a radioactive marker and separation via chromatography B: two different solutions are used in the paper chromatography C: the molecules are separated into a linear arrangement, meaning two dimension D: two different types of radioactive markers must be used E: the process separates the molecules in two direction, first along the X and then along the Y axis 2: :Which molecule(s) regulate(s) photosynthesis by sensing the metabolic status of the chloroplast and regulating proton flow out of the thylakoid lumen?? A: ATP synthase B: antenna complex C: Chrolophyll B D: carotenoids E: chlorphyll A 3: When does A CAM plant take in atmospheric CO2? A: daytime only B: Summer day C: winter day D: nighttime only E: anytime the calvin cycle is happening 4: Where can you find ATP synthase in a plant cell ? B: in the mitochondial inner membrane C: both thylakid and inner mitochondria membrane D: only in the nucleus E: embedded in the plasma membrane 5: chloroplast kept in the daek can continue to make sugar is provided with A: NADPH, CO2, and ADP B: CO2, and ATP C: NADPH, ATP, and CO2 D: NADPH and ATP E: water and ATP 7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway?? A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night. D; : Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.? E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.? 8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light? A; The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them .? B; The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra violet and infrared) C; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions. D: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.? E: : Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light. 9: In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable? A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength? B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis? D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light? E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light 10: Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange?? A: stromal lamellae B: grana C: granastomata? D: stroma 11: n order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low?? A: CO2 serves as a non-competitive inhibitor of rubisco. B: RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle. C: RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low D: RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2 E: ?RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight. 12: Why isn't oxygen produced by organisms that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis? A; their membranes lack ATP synthase? B; They use a different enzyme for the initial reactions of the calvin cycle C: they use electrons donors other than water D: their photosystem do not utilize the calvin cycle E: their chorophyll contains an iron rather than magnesium A: ?there are two steps: labeling with a radioactive marker and separation via chromatography |
B: two different solutions are used in the paper chromatography process? |
C: the molecules are separated into a linear arrangement, meaning two dimensions? |
D: two different types of radioactive markers must be used? |
E: the process separates the molecules in two directions, first along the x axis and then along the y axis? |
2:Which molecule(s) regulate(s) photosynthesis by sensing the metabolic status of the chloroplast and regulating proton flow out of the thylakoid lumen??
A: ?ATP synthase |
B: the antenna complex? |
C: chlorophyll b? |
D: carotenoids? |
E: chlorophyll a 3: When does a CAM plant take in atmospheric CO2??
6: Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
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7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway??
A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants.? |
B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants. |
C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night.? |
D: Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.? |
E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.? |
8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light??
A:The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them.? |
B: The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra violet and infrared).? |
?c: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions. |
D; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.? |
?e: Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light. |
9; In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable??
A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength? |
B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength |
C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis? |
D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light? |
E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light? |
10: Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange??
A: stromal lamellae? |
B: grana? |
C: stomata? |
?D: stroma 11: In order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low??
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