CHM 2046C Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Spontaneous Process, Joule, Thermodynamics

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20 Apr 2016
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Lecture 6 notes: first law of thermodynamics: energy cannot be created or destroyed, -it can be transferred from one place to another, -or, the total energy of the universe cannot change. Deuniverse = 0 = desystem + desurroundings. Surroundings = everything else: enthalpy, h, related to the internal energy, e (e + pv = h) Dh = qp; generally kj/mol: if products are more stable than reactants, energy (heat) released, hence Dh = positive (+ve) or negative (-ve): if reactants are more stable than products, energy (heat) absorbed, hence K = boltzmann constant (r/na) = 1. 38 10-23 j/k. W is the number of energetically equivalent ways (microstates) to arrange the components; unitless: changes in entropy, ds. Entropy change is favorable when the result is a more random system: ds is positive (ds > 0) Some changes that increase the entropy are:

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