ZOO 4605 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Placenta Praevia, Yolk Sac

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ZOO 4605-A001

05/16/18

2nd week

oMeans that

 embryoblast is now 2 layers

Epiblast

Will be future ectoderm

Hypoblast

Will be future endoderm

Development of primitive form of amniotic cavity which is called amnioblast

Development of primitive form of yolk sac called extra-embrionic mesoderm

Cell proliferation of the placenta which is connected to the endometrium of the

mother

Embryo is 2 layers

Trophoblast has 2 layers

Names

Trophoblast lacunae

Cistern

Spaces like gaps inside endometrium which is full of

maternal blood and first step of connection between placenta and

embryo

Formed inside endometrium

First step for connection between materal capilary and

trophoblast

Especially syncidio trophoblast which is a layer

of the placenta

Maternal capillary has ruptured which carriesoxygen

and nutrients to the embryo

After development of trophoblast, we have secretion of HCG

Wen we detect HCG in the urine, we know she is pregnant

Amniotic cavity

Embryoblast becomes 2 alyers

Epiblast

Hypoblast

Vilaminar embrionic disc which occurs in second week of pregnancy

The formation of 2 layers of embryoblast

3rd week

oEmbryoblast becomes 3 layers

Trilaminary embryonic disc

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Also called gastrulation

oFormation of mesoderm from gastrulation which is called intra-embryonic mesoderm

oPlacenta = trophoblast - cincidiotrphoblast + the other trophoblast

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Yolk sac has 2 functions

oXX germ cells for females and XY germ cells for males

HCG is the first hormone form the placenta

oFunction

Maintains corpus luteum

Secretes progesterone during first trimester of pregancy because there

is no complete connection between mother and placenta

At the end of the first trimester, the yolk sac degenerates and the

corpus luteum is degenerated

At the second trimester, the placenta takes over the production and

secretion of progesterone

Ocnofetal antigen, carcinoembryonic angigen alphafetal protein increases during pregnancy and

are necessary for cell proliferation of embryonic tissue

oAfter birth , the level of oncofetal and carcinoembryonic antigen should decrease

If increased in adults it means inflammation or cancer

Alpha fetal protein

Level is high in first trimester but low in second and third trimester

If it remains high, that means there is a genetic disorder

Must determine which chromosome is involved

Methods that are used (none of which are recommended) for birth control

oPill to decrease progesterone

Increases risk for abortion

Its used for abortions

Preventign pregnancy

oIUD

Worst

They put inside uterus to occupy is

Fertilization occurs but inhibits implantation of fertilized ovum

Never used because it risks PID

Endometrium layer becomes damaged

Important for future pregnancy

Risk for infection, inflammation, PID

oBirth control pills

Estrogen and progesterone

Placenta previa

oInsertion of placenta closed to the cervix

oThere is no space here

oSigns/symptoms

Heavy bleeding durin ghte end of pregnancy

Risk of abortion but resting in bed is needed for the rest of the

pregnancy

Only tie cervix due to abnormal angle of uterus

Mothers body can control or avoid rejection of embryo

oSlide 12

oDecidual cells

Cells that surround embryonic tissue and embryonic cavity

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Protect it

Week 3 of pregnancy

oFormation of 3 layers thorugh gastrolation

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

oAnd the embryos embro and caudal folding

Will make space for formation of abdominal and thoracic organs

Craniocaudal foldign

Gastrulation

oPicture

Dorsal view of embryo

Caudal portion (right side)

Some cells proliferate toward the mid part of embryo

This proliferation is called primitive streak

Ectoderm becomes puffy

the circle is the primitive node

When the circle becomes bigger, we call it the

notochord (these are embryonic names)

From the notochord to the cranial protion, some cells proliferate and form the

primitive cardiogenic area

Is the thoracic cavity for the heart

First we need space and then the internal organs develop

The X at the cranial area will be the future mouth

The X at the caudal area will be the anus

Called the cloacal process

We only see the ectoderm (epiblast) from the outside

Some cells in the ectoderm proliferate and make space

They migrate inside towards the endoderm (endoblast) to form

notocord

Called gastrulation

Puffy ectoderm (primitive streak) and migration of cells from

above to below ectoderm to form the mesoderm is called gastrulation

The red boxes are the mesoderm which form the notochord

The future role is to

Some cells migrate towards primitive mouth and forms thoracic cavity

and space for heart development

In the third week, embro has three layers

Ectoderm

Epiblast

Gives rise to CNS, PNS, meningeal layers, ganglia, epidermis of

skin, lens of eye, aurical (ear), and adrenal medulla of adrenal gland, oral

cavity and anus

Mesoderm

Gives rise to dermis layer of skin, connective tissue, blood

vessels, muscles (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal), bone, kidney or renal

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Document Summary

2nd week: means that embryoblast is now 2 layers. Development of primitive form of amniotic cavity which is called amnioblast. Development of primitive form of yolk sac called extra-embrionic mesoderm. Cell proliferation of the placenta which is connected to the endometrium of the mother. Spaces like gaps inside endometrium which is full of maternal blood and first step of connection between placenta and embryo. First step for connection between materal capilary and trophoblast. Especially syncidio trophoblast which is a layer of the placenta. Maternal capillary has ruptured which carriesoxygen and nutrients to the embryo. After development of trophoblast, we have secretion of hcg. Wen we detect hcg in the urine, we know she is pregnant. Vilaminar embrionic disc which occurs in second week of pregnancy. The formation of 2 layers of embryoblast. Formation of mesoderm from gastrulation which is called intra-embryonic mesoderm. Placenta = trophoblast - cincidiotrphoblast + the other trophoblast.

ZOO 4605 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Placenta Praevia, Yolk Sac

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