ZOO 3733C Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Horizontal Plane, Coronal Plane, Median Plane
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Document Summary
Superior (cranial) - toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (above) Inferior (caudal) - away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body (below) Ventral (anterior) - toward or at the front of the body (in front of) Dorsal (posterior) - toward or at the back of the body (behind) Medial - toward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of) Lateral - away from the midline or the body (on the outer side of) Intermediate - between a more medial and a more lateral structure. Proximal - closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Distal - farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Superficial (external) - toward or at the body surface.
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lateral medial proximal |
Pelvic Dorsal Thoracic |
sagittal plane parasagittal plane frontal plane |
separates right and leftportions of the body misses the midline,separating right and left portions of unequal size separates anterior andposterior portions of the body |
Cell membrane Plasma membrane Plasmalemma |
oxygen lungs potassium |
lining the ducts thatdrain sweat glands lining kidneytubules lining the stomach at the surface of theskin |
stratum basale stratum granulosum stratum spinosum |
connective tissue muscle tissue neural tissue |
RNA molecule DNA molecule tRNA molecule |
neutral fats phospholipids fat-soluble vitamins |
tissue organ atom |
odor salt nitrates |
impetigo vitiligo ringworm |
Stratum corneum Stratum granulosum Stratum basale |
to heat the skin for evaporativecooling to get rid of bodywaste to elevate bodytemperature |
heats has no effect on dries the body |
terminal hair rrrector pili arrector pili |
periostesis mastication cartilage |
blood-formingclots. elastic tissue. Sharpey's fibers. |
epiphysis diaphysis metaphysis lamella |
fontanels lacunae sutures |
coccyx pubis iliac crest |
yellow bone marrow periosteum compact bone marrow |
tarsals metatarsals phalanges |
Inferior ramus Lesser sciaticnotch Superior body |
spinous process pedicles laminae |
nasal bones lacrimal bones maxillary bones |
lateral cuneiform cuboid calcaneus |
The humerus and theclavicle The scapula and theclavicle The humerus and theradius |
syndesmosis symphysis gomphosis |
produce red blood cells(hemopoiesis) provide a smooth surfaceat the ends of synovial joints form the synovialmembrane |
also are calledcollateral ligaments prevent hyperextension ofthe knee assist in defining therange of motion of the leg |
small sacs containingsynovial fluid semilunar cartilagepads tendon sheaths |
It contains lacticacid. It contains hyaluronicacid. It contains hydrochloricacid. |
Bipeds have __ in comparison to knuckle walkers.
longer tail for balance |
shorter legs in relation to arms |
more equal arm and leg length |
longer legs in relation to arms |
To faciliate efficient bipedal locomotion, the pelvis should be
basin shaped |
behind the spine to keep the weight off the pelvis |
flat and wide |
long and narrow |
The foot of a hominin
all of these |
should have a high arch |
has an enlarged big toe |
has the big toe inline with other toes |
In hominins, the foramen magnum is positioned
forward, at the base of the skull |
wide for balance |
laterally, to either the left or right side |
at the back of the skull |
In a biped, the __ should be angled toward the midline from the hip point to knee joint to keep the torso positioned over the center of gravity.
ossa coxae |
spine |
femur |
foramen magnum |
A comparision between the spine of a human and that of a great ape shows that a human spine
has three distinct curves - two backward and one forward - for balance |
should have two distinct curves to keep the weight centered above the pelvis |
is "C" shaped as a result of one backward curve in order to keep the trunk over the legs |
is straight in order to facilitate upright posture |
The ossa coxae and the sacrum make up the
pelvis |
cranium |
foot |
spine |
Hominins are committed to bipedalism and cannot locomote efficiently in any other way, in other words
obligate bipeds |
a generalized adaptation |
the hominin foot is the only part of the body structured for this purpose |
similar to most members of the order primates |